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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electrophysiological study of pathways mediating optokinetic responses to the vestibular nucleus in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 337-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optokinetic pathways ; Pretectum ; Prepositus hypoglossi complex ; N. reticularis tegmenti pontis ; Vestibular nuclei ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1) Intra-and extracellular responses of neurons in the pretectum (Pt), the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), the prepositus hypoglossal complex (NPH) and the vestibular nuclei (VN) were recorded during orthodromic/antidromic stimulation of their afferent/efferent fibers. 2) In the Pt, many neurons were excited by stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve (ONc). Comparison of the latencies of evoked presynaptic action potentials and EPSPs yielded a time difference corresponding to one synaptic delay. Forty five per cent of these monosynaptically driven neurons were also excited antidromically from the ipsilateral NRTP. 3) In the NRTP, ONc and Pt stimulations evoked disynaptic and monosynaptic EPSPs, respectively. Thirty six per cent of NRTP neurons orthodromically driven from ONc and/or ipsilateral Pt stimulation were also antidromically invaded from either the contralateral (67%) or the ipsilateral (33%) flocculus but never from both. 4) In the NPH, both ipsilateral Pt and NRTP stimulations excited type II neurons monosynaptically. In addition, EPSPs evoked by Pt stimulation could be mediated to the NPH via a disynaptic route involving the NRTP. 5) In the VN, type II neurons were excited by ipsilateral Pt stimulation. When comparing the latencies of action potentials and EPSPs evoked by Pt stimulation in the NPH and in VN type II neurons respectively, a short, possibly monosynaptic connection, may be postulated between the NPH and the VN. 6) Our results suggest that vestibular neurons may be optokinetically driven from the contralateral eye both via Pt-NPH connections and Pt-NRTP-NPH paths. They also confirm the existence of a transcerebellar route from the Pt via the NRTP to the ipsior contralateral flocculi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236235
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-cerebellar visual afferents to the vestibular nuclei involving the prepositus hypoglossal complex: An autoradiographic study in the rat (1982)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 48 (1982), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Visual afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Radioactive amino-acids were injected into the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and the pretectum (PT) in the rat. Beside the labeling of the several nuclei which are known to receive afferents of either the NRTP and/or the PT, monosynaptic projections from these two structures to the prepositus hypoglossal complex (PHN) were demonstrated. Pretectal visual inputs to the vestibular nuclei (VN) may thus be conveyed not only by the classical PT-inferior olive-cerebellar route, but also by two other non-cerebellar ones involving the strong efferent projections of the PHN onto the VN. These last two pathways are strong candidates to account for the residual visual sensitivity of VN neurons after cerebellectomy or inferior olive lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237229
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of the cerebellum in spatial orientation in the rat
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Behavioral and Neural Biology 58 (1992), S. 180-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0163-1047
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-1047(92)90440-F
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zum Zeitverlauf der vestibulären Kompensation beim Menschen und im Tierversuch (1980)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 227 (1980), S. 487-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical observations of ten patients, whose vestibular nerve was cut, are presented. The spontaneous nystagmus was recorded in the first two weeks by ENG. Nystagmus still existed at the end of the second week.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00467576
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optokinetic responses of vestibular nucleus neurons in the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 384 (1980), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Optokinetic system ; Vestibular neurons ; Visual-vestibular interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Vestibular nucleus neurons of the brown rat (DA-HAN) responding to horizontal angular acceleration in the dark (type I and II neurons) have been studied during horizontal optokinetic stimulation in the time and frequency domain. For recording animals were nonanesthetized and paralyzed. 2. All type I and type II neurons studied responded in a direction-selective fashion to rotation of large-field visual pattern. With both eyes open, type I (type II) neurons increased (decreased) their discharge on optokinetic stimuli directed away from the recording side and decreased (increased) firing on rotation towards the recording side. Covering one eye, abolished the inhibition of type II and excitation of type I on the ipsilateral side and removed type II excitation and type I inhibition on the opposite side. 3. The missing responses of vestibular units to nasotemporal stimulation in monocular condition were paralleled by the absence of OKN on stimulation in the same direction. 4. Response maxima (± Δf) of vestibular units occurred at stimulus velocities of 1 deg/s (here equal retinal slip velocity). Below and above this velocity a sharp response decline occurred. The mean firing increases were larger than the decreases. There were no significant differences in mean ± Δf values between monocular and binocular conditions. 5. Frequency domain data show that response phase was in phase with surround velocity only at very low frequencies. With higher frequencies a progressive phase lag was noted; similarly the sensitivity decreased with increasing frequency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00589511
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optokinetic, vestibular, and optokinetic-vestibular responses in albino and pigmented rats (1982)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 393 (1982), S. 42-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Albino/pigmented rats ; Vestibulo-ocular-reflex ; Visual-vestibular interactions ; Pretectum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Horizontal eye movements and neuronal activity in the vestibular nuclei and pretectum were recorded in albino and pigmented rats in response to optokinetic, vestibular (VS), combined visual-vestibular (VVS) sinusoidal stimulations. 1. VOR slow phase velocity in VS condition leads head velocity. This phase lead is smaller in albino than in pigmented rats. 2. Presence of vision (VVS) improves the phase angle of the VOR in both strains, especially at low frequencies. In pigmented rats the VOR is perfectly compensatory with respect to phase at all frequencies whereas in albinos the eye velocity still leads the head velocity. 3. There is no difference in the response characteristics of vestibular nuclear neurons (VN) to VS between albino and pigmented rats which could explain the difference in their VORs. 4. In the pigmented rat, there is a strong optokinetic input to VN which provokes a shift of the response peak towards peak head velocity. These visual-vestibular interactions at VN level are in agreement with the changes in the phase angle of the VOR. 5. In albino rat, there are no differences in the response characteristics of VN between VS and VVS, thus the decrease of the VOR phase lead observed in VVS compared to VS is due either to visual-vestibular interactions outside of the vestibular nuclei or to some general arousing effect of light. 6. Recording of responses of pretectal neurons to visual stimulation in albino rats has shown that they are activated in a phasic or tonic way by light on (“On cells”) or off (“Off cells”). Contrary to the pigmented rat, pretectal neurons in albino exhibited no detectable direction specific optokinetic responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582389
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of central vestibular neurons to horizontal linear acceleration in the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 385 (1980), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Vestibular system ; Otolith dynamics ; Linear acceleration ; Central processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Responses of central vestibular neurons to horizontal sinusoidal translation (F:0.25 Hz) were recorded in albino rat. 57.5% of vestibular neurons were responding to this stimulation by a modulation of their firing rate, the mean phase angle of the response, averaged from the whole population being 22±79 deg. lag, relative to the peak of contralateral acceleration. Dynamic characteristics of phase and gain were studied and appeared to be different from previous reports on primary afferents: the gain decreased or was flat with increasing acceleration at one frequency, and the phase lag which was flat in the same conditions increased with increasing frequency. A phase lead of some units has been observed at low frequency (0.1 Hz). Regarding the convergence between otolith and canal inputs on nuclear vestibular neurons, it was shown that the major pattern of convergence is between canal and otolith inputs of same polarity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588691
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses to tilting of fibers of the frog's saccular nerve (1976)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 366 (1976), S. 143-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Sacculus ; Haircells ; Tilting ; Gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity of single fibers from the saccular nerve has been recorded in isolated head preparations in the frog (Rana esculenta). Nearly all the fibers present an activation or a depression of their activity during the tilting movement in a given direction. This is considered to correspond to the existence of two anatomical populations of haircells in the saccular macula which differ in their functional polarization. The activity of only some units (about 40%) remained increased or decreased when the head was in a tilted position for 4–5 min. This shows that the sacculus is sensitive to the direction of gravity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00585869
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathways mediating optokinetic responses of vestibular nucleus neurons in the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 384 (1980), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Optokinetic system ; Vestibular nuclei ; Pretectum ; Eye movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. The effects of various brain lesions on the responses of vestibular nuclear neurons (Vn) of the horizontal semicircular canal system to optokinetic stimulations were studied to elucidate the optokinetic path from the retina to the vestibular nuclei. A previous study performed in intact rats served as a control [2]. 2. It was shown that the pretectal region including the n. of the optic tract is the first central relay in the optokinetic path; it receives its functionally effective input from the contralateral eye. Unilateral lesions of this area rendered all Vn responses unidirectional when tested with binocular stimulation. Lesions of other visual centers such as the superior colliculi or visual cortices had no influence on the optokinetic response properties of Vn. 3. The area of the n. reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) proved to be an important link between pretectum and vestibular nuclei: Unilateral lesions produced effects similar to those described for pretectal lesions. Pretectal axons to NRTP descend lateral to the MLF and tectospinal tract. 4. It was demonstrated that the vestibular commissure plays the crucial role in mediating the mirror image optokinetic effects to Vn on the opposite side and assures the bidirectionality of the responses to binocular stimulation. 5. Cerebellectomy did not significantly affect the Vn responses to the optokinetic stimuli presented in this study. 6. Electrical stimulation of the pretectum excited type II and inhibited type I Vn ipsilaterally and had the opposite effect on Vn located on the opposite side. NRTP stimulation excited type II and inhibited type I ipsilaterally; latency analysis of these effects suggested that the pretectal stimuli excited ipsilateral NRTP neurons which, in turn, excited ipsilateral type II Vn. Ipsilateral type I inhibition as well as the concurrent contralateral type II inhibition and type I excitation are produced by the inhibitory action of type II on type I and the commissural system. 7. Systemic application of picrotoxin abolished all optokinetic responses of Vn except the type II activation. This finding further supports the hypothesis described above. 8. Unilateral pretectal or NRTP lesions abolished OKN to surround motion in the direction of the lesion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00589510
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Firing characteristics of neurons mediating optokinetic responses to rat's vestibular neurons (1980)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 386 (1980), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Optokinetic system ; Pretectum ; Visual vestibular convergence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1) The responses of single units in the pretectum (Pt) and in the n. reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) to constant velocity horizontal rotation (0.25–60 deg/s) of a large-field visual pattern were studied in immobilized, non-anesthetized DA-HAN rats. In addition, responses of Pt and NRTP neurons to pure vestibular stimuli (rotation in the dark) were studied. 2) Pt neurons showed seven response types to optokinetic stimulation (Table 1). The most frequent response (48%) consisted of a very rapid increase in firing to steady state on temporonasal motion stimulation of the contralateral eye; nasotemporal stimuli yielded no change in resting rate as did stimulation of the ipsilateral eye. The response maximum occurred at a retinal slip velocity of 1 deg/s. None of the Pt units tested responded to pure vestibular stimuli. 3) NRTP neurons — as Pt units — most frequently (43%) increased their discharge rate on temporonasal stimulation of the contralateral eye and maintained a constant resting rate during nasotemporal motion. Peak response amplitudes also occurred with retinal slip velocities of 1 deg/s. Contrary to the fast time-to-peak of the responses of Pt neurons NRTP units showed a slow rise in frequency of firing to peak response levels. 4) NRTP neurons responded to pure vestibular stimuli (horizontal angular acceleration in the dark). The vestibular responses were synergistic with those evoked in the same neurons by optokinetic stimuli. Thus, the most frequently encountered type of optokinetic response (s. above) showed a type II vestibular response. 5) Comparison of OKN and Vn optokinetic responses with those of Pt and NRTP suggests that the unidirectional-selective Pt and NRTP neurons are important links in the central optokinetic path. In addition, the NRTP may represent the site at which the retinal slip signal and the eye velocity signal converge. This convergence has been postulated in models of the system [12].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587472
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