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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 49 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Extensive slug damage reported for lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) establishment in grass sod and small grain fields when using conservation tillage prompted this 3-year study on establishing lucerne in maize (Zea mays L.). Different crop residues were created by harvesting maize for grain and silage and including a silage+rye (Secale cereale L.) winter cover crop treatment. Conventional tillage (ploughed in spring) following grain harvest was included as a control. In addition, a combination treatment of methiocarb bait broadcast on the surface and carbofuran granules applied in the furrow with the seed was compared with an untreated control. Finally, three planting dates, early and late April and late May, simulated the spring planting season. Planting lucerne in the different maize residues had a significant effect on lucerne yields, especially the silage+rye residue treatment, which caused the lowest lucerne yields. Highest yields of lucerne occurred when it was planted after silage, a treatment in which residue was minimal.The earliest planting date gave the highest lucerne yields in the establishment year. Slugs did not reduce the establishment of lucerne in any maize residue, nor were lucerne yields affected by slug feeding. This was attributed to the low slug populations observed early in the growing season. Establishing and producing lucerne in maize residues was more successful in this study because of the lower slug populations than those usually encountered in grass sod or small grain residues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 121 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Genetic variation for forage yield of orchardgrass is abundant, but there are few reports of progress from selection for increased forage yield. The objective of this study was to estimate direct effects of selection from one cycle of half-sib family selection for forage yield in orchardgrass. Eleven selected populations were compared with their parent populations within three maturity groups. Populations were evaluated under hay management at three locations and management-intensive rotational grazing at two locations. Nine of the 11 selected populations differed, by an average of 7.4%, from their parent population in forage yield. Nine of the selected populations also showed changes in Drechslera leafspot reaction, all indicating a negative genetic correlation with forage yield. Selection for high forage yield tended to result in greater ground cover and later relative maturity. However, changes in net herbage accumulation (NHA) under rotational grazing were generally not significant and were uncorrelated with changes in forage yield, indicating that forage yield of hay plots is not correlated with the NHA of grazed plots. Although genetic gains in forage yield measured under hay management were very favourable relative to other reports from the literature, the lack of correlated progress under grazing management indicates that directed selection for NHA of orchardgrass should be conducted under grazing management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phytophthora megasperma ; Alfalfa ; Moisture regime ; Root rot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Phytophthora root rot of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a serious problem in wet soils. This disease is caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis. The influence of soil-water interactions with P. megasperma f. sp. medicaginis and other factors on the severity of phytophthora root rot of mature alfalfa plants (10–12 weeks) was studied in greenhouse experiments. Severe and reproducible root rot was produced by subsurface (3–4 cm) placement of mycelial suspension. Soil saturation 3 days prior to inoculation followed by alternating 3-day wet (soil saturation) and 4-day dry (surface watering once a day) moisture regimes (for 30–40 days following inoculation) resulted in severe root damage. The severity of root rot was greater when the inoculation was done at an ambient temperature of 20°C than at 15°C. Water quality (tap water or deionized distilled water) had no effect on severity of infection. The isolates PT 78-3 (Minnesota) and TN-2 (Maryland) were equally effective in terms of severity of damage. The impact of excess soil water stress (described above) alone on the shoot and root dry weight as well as on shoot symptoms was similar to that of root rot stress. However, root symptoms showed a marked difference. A close examination of root symptoms is highly recommended to differentiate clearly the plant injury due to root rot from that due to excess soil water stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 45 (1975), S. 254-258 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genotypic and phenotypic correlations for reaction to five foliar pathogens were estimated from analyses of variance and covariance in eight, five-parent diallel crosses each in Saranac, MSA-C4, and MSB-C4 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The foliar pathogens wereUromyces striatus, Schroet. var.medicaginis (Pass.) Arth.,Stemphylium botryosum Wallr.,Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc.,Phoma herbarum West var.medicaginis Fckl., andLeptosphaerulina briosiana (Poll.) Graham and Luttrell. Genotypic correlations for reaction toU. striatus andP. medicaginis were significant and positive in Saranac and MSB-C4, but were significant and negative in MSA-C4. Genotypic correlations involvingL. briosiana,S. botryosum, andP. medicaginis were positive and significant in MSA-C4 and MSB-C4, but were not significant in Saranac. Significant positive genotypic correlations were observed for reaction toU. striatus andP. herbarum, and toP. herbarum andS. botryosum in Saranac and forU. striatus andL. briosiana in MSA-C4. Correlated responses in selection experiments involving the above, or closely related cultivars, confirmed most of the significant genotypic correlations. Phenotypic correlations were generally much smaller than the genotypic correlations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 17 (1974), S. 410-424 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Saponine sind Glykoside, welche auch in Luzerne (Medicago sativa L.) vorkommen. Obschon sie biologisch ungewöhnlich wirksam sind, ist deren Bedeutung für die Pflanzen noch nicht abgeklärt. Unsere Untersuchungen bezweckten herauszufinden, ob es die gleichen oder verschiedene Saponine sind, welche für die unterschiedliche biologische Wirksamkeit verschiedener Saponingemische, wie sie in bestimmten Luzernesorten vorkommen, verantwortlich sind; ferner ob und wie jene in Zusammenhang mit der relativen Resistenz oder Anfälligkeit dieser Sorten gegenüber Krankheiten oder Schädlinge gebracht werden können. In der vorliegenden interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit wurden die gereinigten Saponine der Luzernesorten DuPuits und Lahontan zuerst charakterisiert und dann, in den folgenden drei Abschnitten, ihre biologische Wirksamkeit gegenüber 2 Insektenarten und einem Pilz, sowie die haemolytische Wirkung auf menschliches Blut dargestellt. Die Saponine der Sorten DuPuits und Lahontan wurden nach der Extraktion mithilfe präparativer Dünnschichtchromatographie fraktionniert. Die 10 verhältnismässig gut definierten Saponinfraktionen dieser beiden Sorten wurden aufgrund ihrer wichtigsten Aglykone und Kohlenhydrate charakterisiert. Die Sorte Lahontan enthielt beträchtlich mehr Soyasapogenol A als die Sorte DuPuits, während in dieser die Medicaginsäure vorherrschte. Das nahezu vollständige Fehlen der Medicaginsäure in den Lahontanextrakten war der bemerkenswerteste Unterschied in der Zusammensetzung der Saponine der beiden Sorten. Aufgrund massenspektrometrischer Analysen konnten vier noch nicht identifizierte Sapogenine den gleichen pentacyclischen Triterpenoiden (sauren Saponine) wie Medicaginsäure oder Soyasapogenol zugeordnet werden. Sechs Lahontanfraktionen enthielten variierende Mengen Galaktose, welche nur in zwei DuPuits-fraktionen vorkamen. Dagegen wurde im DuPuits-saponin mehr Arabinose gefunden als im Lahontan-saponin. Die gereinigten Saponine von DuPuits und Lahontan wurden dann auf ihre biologische Wirksamkeit geprüft, indem die Überlebenszeiten der Kartoffelzikade (Empoasca fabae Harris) und der Erbsenblattlaus (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris), die Wachstumshemmung des Pilzes Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. sowie die Haemolyse von menschlichem Blut als Parameter dienten. Ein Rohsaponingemisch aus DuPuits sowie ein im Handel erhältliches Yucca saponin dienten als Vergleichspräparate. Bestimmte Fraktionen, welche Medicaginsäure enthielten, waren für die starke biologische Wirkung gegenüber allen Testorganismen verantwortlich. Das Vorkommen oder Fehlen der Medicaginsäure schien die Hauptunterschiede in der biologischen Wirksamkeit zwischen DuPuits- und Lahontan-fraktionen zu erklären. Die Medicaginsäure scheint aber nicht das einzige saure Sapogenin zu sein, das Pilzwachstum hemmen kann. Ein noch nicht identifiziertes saures Sapogenin, welches chemisch mit Medicaginsäure verwandt ist, hemmte zwar das Pilzwachstum, war aber den Insekten gegenüber unwirksam. Kartoffelzikade und Erbsenblattlaus erscheinen als zur Differenzierung von Saponinen geeignete Testtiere.
    Notes: Abstract Saponins of DuPuits and Lahontan alfalfa cultivars were extracted and fractionated by preparative thin-layer chromatography. The ten relatively well-defined saponin fractions obtained from each cultivar were chemically characterized by major aglycone and carbohydrate moieties. Lahontan contained considerably more soyasapogenol A than DuPuits, but medicagenic acid predominated in DuPuits. The near absence of medicagenic acid from Lahontan fractions was the most significant difference in composition of Lahontan and DuPuits saponins. Based on mass-spectrometric analyses, four unidentified sapogenins were classified as the same pentacyclic triterpenoids as medicagenic acid or soyasapogenol. Six Lahontan fractions incorporated varying quantities of galactose, which was present in only two DuPuits fractions, but more arabinose was found in DuPuits than in Lahontan saponins. Simplified saponins of DuPuits and Lahontan were then bioassayed by survival of potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris)), survival of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)), hemolysis of human blood cells, and inhibition of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. A crudesaponin mixture and a commercially available saponin from Yucca sp. were included in all assays as controls. Certain fractions containing medicagenic acid were responsible for toxic properties in all assays. Presence or absence of medicagenic acid seemed to explain most of the differences in biological activity of DuPuits and Lahontan cultivars. However, medicagenic acid apparently is not the only acid sapogenin strongly active toward pathogens. An unidentified acid sapogenin chemically related to medicagenic acid inhibited fungal growths markedly, but did not affect insects tested. Potato leafhopper and pea aphid appeared to be appropriate test insects for saponin differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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