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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Langmuir 10 (1994), S. 1592-1595 
    ISSN: 1520-5827
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 18 (1995), S. 319-357 
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 1044-1051 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Orthostatische Dysregulation ; Hypoadrenerge orthostatische Hypotension ; Posturales Tachykardiesyndrom ; Neurokardiogene Synkope ; Differentialdiagnose ; Key words Orthostatic dysregulation ; Hypoadrenergic orthostatic hypotension ; Postural tachycardia syndrome ; Neurocardiogenic syncope ; Differential diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Orthostatic circulatory disorders are frequently the cause of orthostatic intolerance, syncope or dangerous falls. A sufficient therapy should be based on a differential diagnosis by means of an active standing test or a tilt-table test. Three typical pathological reactions of blood pressure and heart rate can be differentiated. The hypoadrenergic orthostatic hypotension is characterised by an immediate drop in blood pressure (systolic drop 〉20 mmHg below base line within 3 min) with or without compensatory tachycardia. It is caused by peripheral or central sympathetic dysfunction. Tachycardia (〉30 beats per minute above base line within 10 min) without significant blood pressure drop but with a fall of cerebral blood flow indicates a postural tachycardia syndrome. In general, there is no further somatic dysfunction. Increased venous pooling is thought to be the assumed pathomechanism. A reflex mechanism evokes the neurocardiogenic syncope after a certain time of standing: sympathetic inhibition yields a strong blood pressure drop and vagal activation bradycardia. Proved therapies include use of the mineralocorticoide fludrocortison (hypoadrenergic orthostatic hypotension), of the a-agonist midodrin (postural tachycardia syndrome) and of b-blockers (neurocardiogenic syncope).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Orthostatische Kreislaufregulationsstörungen sind oft die Ursache für orthostatische Intoleranz, Synkopen und gefährliche Stürze. Grundlage für eine geeignete Therapie sollte eine genaue Differentialdiagnose sein, die durch den Schellong- oder Kipptischtest ermöglicht wird. Aus den Blutdruck- und Herzratenveränderungen nach dem Hinstellen können drei unterschiedliche pathologische Orthostasereaktionen differenziert werden. Die hypoadrenerge orthostatische Hypotension ist durch eine rasch einsetzende Hypotension (systolischer Blutdruckabfall 〉20 mmHg innerhalb von 3 min) mit oder ohne kompensatorischen Herzratenanstieg gekennzeichnet und meist Ausdruck einer peripheren oder zentralen Sympathikusstörung. Das Leitsymptom des posturalen Tachykardiesyndroms stellt ein Herzfrequenzanstieg um mehr als 30 Schläge pro Minute innerhalb von 10 min dar, das ohne signifikanten Blutdruckabfall aber mit einem deutlichen Abfall im zerebralen Blutfluß einhergeht. Weitere organpathologische Befunde liegen dabei meistens nicht vor. Ein übermäßiges venöses Pooling im Stehen wird als Pathomechanismus angenommen. Zur orthostatischen neurokardiogenen Synkope kommt es nach längerem Stehen durch einen Reflexmechanismus: Sympathikusinhibition führt zu einem Blutdruckabfall und Vagusaktivierung zu Bradykardie. Bewährt hat sich in der medikamentösen Behandlungen der Einsatz des Mineralokortikoids Fludrocortison (hypoadrenerge orthostatische Hypotension), des a-Agonisten Midodrin (posturales Tachykardie-Syndrom) und von b-Blockern (neurokardiogene Synkopen).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 358 (1997), S. 677-682 
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Well-defined oxygen standard solutions were obtained by the electrolysis of water in a coulometric oxygen generator. The generator was integrated into a flow system that includes the degassing of the carrier electrolyte, the generation of dissolved oxygen and the temperature control of the carrier electrolyte. The current efficiency of oxygen generation was found to be 100% by the Winkler titration method. Calibrations of a home made laboratory sensor and a WTW CellOx dissolved oxygen sensor have been made in a concentration range of 0.02 to 8 mg/L at temperatures from 5°C to 30°C. The calibration of the WTW sensor on water vapour saturated air was compared with the electrochemical calibration method. Both methods gave reliable results provided that the temperature equilibration between the sensor and the ambient air was successful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 235 (1983), S. 477-478 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 237 (1987), S. 54-60 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Pseudotumor cerebri ; Computerized tomography ; Empty sella ; Disturbed CSF circulation ; CSF pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is a diagnosis per exclusionem applied to a condition of increased intracranial pressure in the absence of an intracranial infection, a space-occupying lesion, or hydrocephalus. Diagnostic criteria should include the evaluation of possibly disturbed cerebral venous outflow, which may result in similar clinical findings. Disturbed venous drainage should be separated from the syndrome of PTC because it represents a condition of well-defined origin and therapeutic regimen. Course and prognosis of PTC are not related to the increased intracranial pressure, the degree of papilledema, or to the duration of the disease. Functional cerebral disorders and EEG abnormalities are rare, indicating that brain tissue is not primarily affected. Correspondingly, computerized tomography (CT) scans with respect to the cerebrum are normal in about 90% of the cases; but enlarged optic nerve sheaths (46.7%) and empty sella (45.7%) are frequent findings on CT-scans. They most likely represent a direct consequence of long-term increased pressure within CSF spaces. This observation favors the assumption of disturbed CSF pressure regulation either by increased production of CSF or its decreased rate of absorption. Brain edema (slit ventricles) as assessed by CT is a rare finding (11.4% of our cases). It may be a hint towards a different pathogenetic entity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 233 (1986), S. 283-288 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Sinus thrombosis ; Angiography ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spectrum of clinical signs in cases of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis includes not only focal neurological deficits, seizures and mental disturbances, but also symptoms which may lead to a diagnosis of pseudotumour cerebri (PTC). In 14 cases of angiographically (or autopsy) proven thrombosis of the superior sagittal or both lateral sinuses, the “empty triangle” sign on contrast CT examination was the most reliable sign, suggesting the diagnosis in 70%. Indirect CT signs (venous infarcts) were observed in all 8 patients with focal neurological signs, but appeared rather delayed in 3 cases. In contrast, patients with “benign” intracranial hypertension or PTC (6 cases) had normal unenhanced scans (4 cases) or showed slight diffuse brain oedema (2 cases). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 4 patients with findings suggestive of intravascular coagulation; however, due to the complexity of flow phenomena, further studies employing this new imaging technique will first have to be performed. Thus, angiography remains the best diagnostic tool and should not be delayed if there is a clinical suspicion of thrombosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 243 (1996), S. 9-12 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Arteriovenous malformations ; Spinal cord ; Motor evoked potentials ; Somatosensory evoked potentials ; Electromyography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas or intradural arteriovenous malformations underwent clinical and neurophysiological examination. Bladder disturbances, pain, sensory abnormalities and involvement of both upper and lower motor neurons were commonly observed. Abnormal findings were obtained both in electromyography (11/18) and somatosensory evoked potentials (16/18). The motor evoked potentials were abnormal in all but one patient and showed a prolonged central (n = 14) or peripheral motor conduction time (n = 6). In three cases both values were prolonged. The results of nerve conduction studies in the patients with prolonged peripheral motor conduction times were normal. These neurophysiological findings may indicate root involvement in some patients, probably due to venous congestion and consequent hypoxia, as there were no signs of root compression on neuroradiological evaluation in any of these six patients. Motor evoked potentials may provide an additional clue to the diagnosis, although patients with spinal stenosis or motor neuron disease may present with similar findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 84 (1991), S. 210-218 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle length ; Motor unit discharge rate ; Motor control ; Human tibialis anterior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle length influences the contractile properties of muscle in that when muscle is lengthened the relaxation phase of the muscle twitch is prolonged and when muscle is shortened, the relaxation phase is shorter in duration. As a result, the force exerted by active motor units varies with muscle length during voluntary contractions. To determine if motoneuron spike trains were adjusted to accommodate for changes in the contractile properties imposed by shortened and lengthened muscle, motor unit action potentials were recorded from the tibialis anterior muscle at different muscle lengths. Twenty subjects performed isometric ramp contractions at ankle angles of 20° dorsiflexion, neutral between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, and 30° plantar flexion, which put the tibialis anterior muscle in a shortened, neutral, or lengthened condition, respectively. During isometric contractions where torque increased at 5% MVC/s, motor unit discharge rate at recruitment was greater in shortened muscle than in lengthened muscle (P〈0.05). Brief initial interspike intervals (〈40 ms) occurred more frequently in shortened muscle than in either neutral length or lengthened muscle. During steady contractions, motor unit discharge rate was greater per unit torque (N.m) in shortened muscle than in neutral length or lengthened muscle (P〈0.05). These findings indicate that muscle length does influence the discharge pattern of motor unit spike trains during isometric ramp contractions. Spike trains with higher discharge rates at recruitment in shortened muscle may take advantage of the catch-like properties in muscle and be useful in taking up the slack in the passive elements of the muscle and tendon. During steady submaximal contractions, the higher discharge rate per unit torque (N.m) in shortened muscle is likely due to the decreased peak tension and shorter one-half relaxation time observed in shortened muscle, and may indicate that the tibialis anterior muscle is operating on the steep portion of the length-tension curve when the ankle is fully dorsiflexed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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