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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ETACS European Project for testing the comparability of sensors and analysers: Part II. Field tests (2000)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Quality assurance ; Field tests ; Protocol ; Sensors/analysers ; Wastewater analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The results of field tests performed within the European Testing and Assessment of Comparability of On-line Sensors/Analysers (ETACS) European Project are presented in this article. This work is complementary to the laboratory tests, already published in Part I in this Journal. The objective was to consider the complete measuring chain, including the sensor/analyser, sampling elements, pumping and conditioning devices needed for a particular application. These aspects were not included in the laboratory tests and, therefore, new facets were involved. Field tests are considered site specific in terms of the sample dynamic range and matrix composition, as well as event dependent with respect to environmental conditions. A protocol for checking the performance of sensors/analysers working in a field location is presented. The protocol is a general guide and, therefore, can be used independently of the nature of the sensor/analyser under evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690000158
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ETACS European project for testing the comparability of sensors and analysers (1999)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 4 (1999), S. B512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Quality assurance ; Laboratory tests ; Protocol ; Sensors/analysers ; Waste water analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  ETACS is the official acronym for the European project "European Testing and Assessment of Comparability of On-line Sensors/Analysers". This project has three main objectives to achieve the comparability of performance data for sensors and analysers in the environmental field. First, to develop a test protocol for validation and comparison of the performance of on-line sensors/analysers. The test protocol is intended to be generic, that is independent of the specific sensors/analysers and the specific parameters to be monitored. Second, the practical testing of this test protocol to assess its applicability and to develop the techniques used. Finally, to achieve widespread acceptance of the test protocol by producer/suppliers, users and relevant authorities to assist its early adoption as an agreed European standard. Laboratory tests for producing the test protocol have been carried out and completed to check the applicability of such a protocol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00010413
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel rapid-acting insulin analogue, insulin aspart, in healthy volunteers (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 55 (1999), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Insulin aspart ; Insulin absorption ; Rapid-acting insulin analogue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The pharmacokinetics of a new insulin analogue, insulin aspart, were compared with unmodified human insulin in a double-blind crossover study of 25 fasting healthy men following a single subcutaneous dose. Methods: Either insulin aspart or human insulin, 0.1 U · kg-body-weight−1, was injected subcutaneously and followed by determination of 8-h profiles of serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations. Results: The absorption of insulin aspart was, on average, more than twice as fast and reached levels more than twice as high compared with human insulin [tmax(ins) of 52 (23) vs 145 (93) min, P 〈 0.0001; and Cmax(ins) of 41 (11) vs 18 (4) mU · l−1, P 〈 0.0001; mean with (SD)]. However, total bioavailability did not differ between the insulins, and thus the mean residence time was significantly shorter for insulin aspart [MRT(ins) of 149 (26) vs 217 (30) min, P 〈 0.0001]. Plasma glucose (PG) fell more than twice as rapidly [tmin(PG) of 94 (45) vs 226 (120) min, P 〈 0.0001], to a greater extent [Cmin(PG) 2.1 (0.6) vs 1.4 (0.4) mmol · l−1, P 〈 0.0001], and for a shorter duration with insulin aspart than with human insulin. Conclusion: With improved subcutaneous absorption characteristics, the insulin aspart concentration–time profile resembles physiological meal-stimulated insulin release more closely than that of unmodified human insulin. This significantly alters the pharmacodynamic response in an advantageous manner in the meal-related treatment of diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050618
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Therapeutic monitoring of cyclosporin — an update (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 41 (1991), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Cyclosporin A ; therapeutic monitoring ; assay techniques ; pharmacokinetics ; dose-response relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The success of organ transplantation is closely related to clinical use of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin (CsA). The dosage of CsA is complicated by the large intra- and interindividual variability in its pharmacokinetics, as well as by the narrow concentration range between insufficient immunosuppression and toxicity. Potential sources of error in the sampling procedure and the advantages and disadvantages of the available analytical methods are discussed. Traditionally, 12 or 24 hour trough concentrations of CsA are monitored. Recently, peak concentrations or estimation of AUCs by a limited sampling strategy have been tried to improve the relatively weak concentration-effect and concentration-toxicity relationships found with trough CsA concentration monitoring. Studies of the CsA concentration-effect relationships for various treatment indications are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314952
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the intraindividual variability and chronobiology of cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in renal transplantation (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 44 (1993), S. 265-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Cyclosporine ; Renal transplantation ; pharmacokinetics ; intraindividual variation ; circadian variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intraindividual variability and circadian variation of oral cyclosporine (CsA) pharmacokinetics were studied over 24 h in 18 renal transplant recipients at steady state, and in 10 of the patients during a second 24 h period. The absolute percentage intraindividual difference in daytime AUC (0–12 h) ranged from 2% to 54% (mean 30%), and the corresponding variability in nighttime AUC (0–12 h) ranged from 5% to 80% (mean 34%). The pharmacokinetic variables t1/2, tmax and Cmax were more variable than the AUC (0–12 h) both during the day and at night. The evening trough level was significantly lower than the morning trough level; 185 ng · ml−1 versus 223 ng · ml−1. This, together with a significantly longer t1/2 in the night than the day, suggested circadian variability in the pharmacokinetics of CsA. In a separate retrospective study in 162 renal transplant recipients given CsA by constant intravenous infusion, repeated CsA blood concentration measurements at steady state showed lower concentrations during the day than the night, suggesting higher CsA clearance during daytime. It is concluded that CsA pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients, besides the well-known interindividual variability, also displays large intraindividual variability as well as circadian variation. Our findings further emphasize the necessity and difficulty of pharmacological monitoring in the clinical use of CsA in organ transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271369
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intraindividual variability in the relative systemic availability of cyclosporin after oral dosing (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 461-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cyclosporin A ; organ transplantation ; immunosuppression ; systemic availability ; plasma concentrations ; intra-/interindividual variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have measured total and unbound plasma concentrations of cyclosporin A in seven healthy men after single oral doses (12 mg per kg body weight) on two occasions at least two weeks apart. There was an up to two-fold intraindividual and a more than three-fold interindividual variation in the AUCs of both total and unbound drug. The intraindividual variability in the AUC of cyclosporin is similar to that of many other drugs and needs to be taken into account in the planning of pharmacokinetic studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046702
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring of the free concentration of cyclosporine in plasma in man (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 40 (1991), S. 571-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Cyclosporine ; free drug in plasma ; therapeutic drug monitoring ; renal transplantation ; plasma binding ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The free fraction of cyclosporine A (CsA) and its total plasma concentration as determined by HPLC(CsAT) were prospectively monitored in 66 recipients of renal transplants. The free CsA levels (CsAu) were calculated. The variability in free CsA levels was no less than for total CsAT levels. The correlation between CsAu and CsAT was high (r=0.90). Both CsAT and CsAu covaried with serum triglycerides and apolipoprotein A1. Fourty-four of the 66 patients suffered acute rejection episodes on 69 occasions. CsAT and CSAu both decreased and to a similar extent at the occurrence of acute rejection (42% and 59% decrease, respectively; significant vs baseline. Notsignificant difference in decrease in CsATvsCsAu). Acute nephrotoxicity occurred on 11 occasions in 10 patients. Both CsAT and CSAu were approximately twice as high at the time of acute nephrotoxicity as compared to one week previously. Both CsAT and CsAu were higher during the first month after transplantation in patients with than in patients without systemic infection. Thus, plasma CsAu gave no additional clinical information or guidance compared to CsAT in renal transplant recipients. Due to the complexity of its assay, which requires two consecutive analyses, there does not appear to be any need for routine monitoring of CsAu in renal transplant recipients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279972
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the ^2^0^8Pb(n, γ"0)^2^0^9Pb reaction between 0.8 and 7.7 MeV
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Physics, Section A 382 (1982), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0375-9474
    Keywords: Nuclear reactions
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0375-9474(82)90441-9
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angular distributions of γ-rays from fast neutron capture in strontium and yttrium
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Physics, Section A 298 (1978), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0375-9474
    Keywords: Nuclear reactions
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0375-9474(78)90253-1
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gamma rays from fast neutron capture in silicon and sulphur
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Physics, Section A 279 (1977), S. 445-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0375-9474
    Keywords: Nuclear reactions
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0375-9474(77)90578-4
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