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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operant conditioning of EEG rhythms and ritalin in the treatment of hyperkinesis (1979)
    Springer
    Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 4 (1979), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enhanced voluntary motor inhibition regularly accompanies conditioned increases in the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), a 12–14-Hz Rolandic EEG rhythm in cats. A similar rhythm, presumably SMR, has also been identified in the human EEG. The clinical effectiveness of SMR operant conditioning has been claimed for epilepsy, insomnia, and hyperkinesis concurrent with seizure disorders. The present report attempts to follow up and replicate preliminary findings that suggested the technique's successful application to hyperkinesis uncomplicated by a history of epilepsy. SMR was defined as 12–14-Hz EEG activity in the absence of high-voltage slow-wave activity between 4 and 7 Hz. Anticipated treatment effects were indexed by systematic behavioral assessments of undirected motor activity and short attention span in the classroom. EEG and behavioral indices were monitored in four hyperkinetic children under the following six conditions: (1) No Drug, (2) Drug Only, (3) Drug and SMR Training I, (4) Drug and SMR Reversal Training, (5) Drug and SMR Training II, (6) No Drug and SMR Training. All hyperkinetic subjects were maintained on a constant drug regimen throughout the phases employing chemotherapy. Contingent increases and decreases in SMR occurred in three of four training subjects and were associated with similar changes in classroom assessments of motor inactivity. Combining medication and SMR training resulted in substantial improvements that exceeded the effects of drugs alone and were sustained with SMR training after medication was withdrawn. In contrast, these physiological and behavioral changes were absent in one highly distractible subject who failed to acquire the SMR task. Finally, pretraining levels of SMR accurately reflected both the severity of original motor deficits and the susceptibility of hyperkinetic subjects to both treatments. Although the procedure clearly reduced hyperkinetic behavior, a salient, specific therapeutic factor could not be identified due to the dual EEG contingency imposed combined with associated changes in EMG. Despite these and other qualifying factors, the findings suggested the prognostic and diagnostic value of the SMR in the disorder when overactivity rather than distractibility is the predominant behavioral deficit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00998960
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A double-blind investigation of the relationship between seizure activity and the sleep EEG following EEG biofeedback training (1982)
    Springer
    Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 7 (1982), S. 193-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The sleep EEGs of eight medically refractory epileptic patients were examined as part of a double-blind, ABA crossover study designed to determine the effectiveness of EEG biofeedback for the control of seizures. The patients were initially reinforced for one of three EEG criteria recorded from electrodes placed over sensorimotor cortex: (a) suppression of 3- to 7-Hz activity, (b) enhancement of 12- to 15-Hz activity, or (c) simultaneous suppression of 3- to 7-Hz and enhancement of 11- to 19-Hz activity. Reinforcement contingencies were reversed during the second or B phase, and then reinstated in their original form during the final A′ phase. All-night polysomnographic recordings were obtained at the end of each conditioning phase and were subjected to both visual and computer-based power spectral analyses. Four of the patients showed changes in their nocturnal paroxysmal activity that were either partially or totally consistent with the ABA′ contingencies of the study. The spectral data proved difficult to interpret, though two trends emerged from the analyses. Decreases in nocturnal 4- to 7-Hz activity were correlated with decreases in seizure activity, and increases in 8- to 11-Hz activity were correlated with decreases in seizure activity. These findings were shown to strengthen the hypothesis that EEG biofeedback may produce changes in the sleep EEG that are related to seizure incidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00998783
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in semantic event-related potentials in learning-disabled, normal, and gifted children (1992)
    Springer
    Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 17 (1992), S. 41-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Keywords: semantic ERP ; event related potential ; learning disability ; ADHD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cortical event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded over FZ, CZ, and PZ scalp sites in 15 learning-disabled (LD), 14 gifted (G), and 13 normal control (N) children of ages 8–12. The common stimulus consisted of nouns presented 80 percent of the time; the target stimulus of animal names presented 20 per cent of the time. ERPs were averaged over subjects from 180 msec pre-stimulus to 900 msec post-stimulus. Principal components analysis was used to determine if there were amplitude differences at different post-stimulus latencies as a function of condition. Differences in ERP's between groups (LD, gifted, and controls), scalp locations, and common versus target stimuli were analyzed by ANOVAs. P 3 , Late, P 2 , and N 1 components represented by four factors were identified. Significant differences between G and LD and the N and LD groups were found target stimulus at all central locations for the P 3 component. Differences were found centrally between G and LD, G and N, and N and LD groups for the P 2 component centrally. Other differences were found for the N 1 and late components. These differences could be interpreted as a deficit in either attentional mechanisms or information processing for the LD group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01000090
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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