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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of porcine and human isophane (NPH) insulins in normal subjects (1984)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 26 (1984), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Porcine NPH insulin ; semi-synthetic and biosynthetic human NPH insulin ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; normal subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma glucose, C-peptide and insulin responses to subcutaneously administered highly purified porcine, ‘semi-synthetic’ and ‘biosynthetic’ human isophane (NPH) insulin and diluting medium as control in normal male subjects were evaluated. Porcine and semi-synthetic human NPH insulins were administered at two dose levels of 0.15 and 0.30 U/kg body weight and biosynthetic human NPH at 0.15 U/kg body weight only. At the low dose level the three insulin preparations resulted in a similar maximal hypoglycaemic effect within 3–5 h after administration. However, over the remainder of the 11 h post-injection period, the plasma glucose level was lower after semi-synthetic human insulin. In contrast, at the 0.30 U/kg dose level, there was no difference in the early or late hypoglycaemic response between porcine and semi-synthetic human NPH insulins of equivalent pharmaceutical formulation. The clinical relevance of these findings needs further evaluation. The data suggest that for the ‘intermediate-acting’ NPH insulin preparations, both the species of insulin, nature and quantity of the retarding protein and their subsequent interaction may determine their time-action characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283647
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of human proinsulin by an indirect two-site immunoradiometric assay (1979)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 17 (1979), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Indirect two-site immunoradiometric assay ; human proinsulin ; insulin ; C-peptide ; diabetes ; insulinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An indirect two-site immunoradiometric assay is described for the measurement of human proinsulin in plasma. Polyethylene tubes coated with purified guinea-pig antibodies to insulin were used to extract proinsulin and insulin from plasma. Rabbit antibody to human C peptide was then added to react with the C-peptide moiety of the bound proinsulin. The uptake of this antibody was measured by the subsequent binding of125I-sheep antibody to rabbit IgG. The binding of radioactivity to the tubes was a function of the proinsulin concentration in the sample. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.006 pmol/ml. Only 200 μl of plasma was required in the assay and the125I-labelled antibody was produced from readily available reagents. The polyethylene tubes remained stable for at least 5 months after coating. The mean fasting proinsulin level was 0.009 pmol/ml in sixteen normal subjects and 0.025 pmol/ml in twelve maturity onset diabetics. Oral glucose produced an 8 fold increase in proinsulin concentration but a decline in the plasma proinsulin/insulin molar ratio. Four patients with insulinoma had extremely elevated proinsulin levels and proinsulin/insulin ratios.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01235859
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indirect two-site immunoradiometric assay of rat and mouse proinsulin (1979)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 17 (1979), S. 235-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Indirect two-site immunoradiometric assay ; rat proinsulin ; mouse proinsulin ; islets ; proinsulin/insulin ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An indirect two-site immunoradiometric assay for rat and mouse proinsulin using a rabbit antibody to synthetic rat C-peptide has been developed. The sensitivity of the assay is 0.006 pmol/ml. Proinsulin was 4.95% of the total proinsulin and insulin in extracts of rat pancreas and 5.45% in extracts of isolated rat islets. The mean fasting rat insulin and proinsulin concentrations were 0.13±0.09 pmol/ml (n=5) and 0.008±0.002 pmol/ml (n=5) respectively. The mean fasting mouse proinsulin concentration was 0.019±0.006 pmol/ml (n=8). In rats intravenous glucose produced a biphasic insulin response but proinsulin rose progressively to 0.021±0.011 pmol/ml at 45 min. In mouse oral glucose increased the proinsulin concentration to 0.13 pmol/ ml at 30 min. Proinsulin release from isolated rat islets was studied during intermittent or continuous high glucose (20 mmol/l) stimulation in static incubation. Significant increases in proinsulin release were only observed 90 min after initial exposure to high glucose whether glucose stimulation was continuous or intermittent. Both in vivo and in vitro glucose stimulation led initially to a fall in the proinsulin/ insulin molar ratio but later upon prolonged stimulation this progessively increased to above the basal value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01235860
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomagnetic measurements utilising a superparamagnetic marker: a feasibility study (1994)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 425-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (e.g., cardiomagnetism, neuromagnetism, tissue susceptibility) and magnetobiology (e.g., magnetic field effects on cellular processes, and on navigation and behaviour of various species ; Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) (including magnetometers electromagnetic radiation sources and detectors, and computer logic and memory devices ; Other diagnostic imaging techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A preliminary study is here reported on a new potential marker for biomagnetic measurements. The marker consists of superparamagnetic polymer microspheres which were detected in the presence of external steady magnetic fields by means of an r.f.-SQUID magnetometer. The particles were prepared in samples differing in the concentration value and immersed in a homogeneous magnetic field of variable intensity. A simple model was taken into account for the distribution of the microspheres in the samples, so that the theoretical values were compared to the marker field values measured by the biomagnetic sensor. The overall sensitivity of the experimental apparatus and the minimum concentration value of the marker were then estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463731
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A biomagnetic method for studying gastro-intestinal activity (1989)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 11 (1989), S. 1853-1859 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (e.g., cardiomagnetism, neuromagnetism, tissue susceptibility) and magnetobiology (e.g., magnetic field effects on cellular processes, and on navigation and behaviour of various species) ; Other diagnostic imaging techniques ; Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) (including magnetometers, electromagnetic radiation sources and detectors, and computer logic and memory devices)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A novel method to investigate the gastro-intestinal activity by means of a superconducting instrumentation based on SQUID sensors developed for biomagnetic measurements is presented. The magnetic field generated by a small marker ingested by the subject is measured over the abdomen. The localization of the marker,i.e. a magnetic dipole, is carried out by means of a standard algorithm used in biomagnetic studies. In this way it is possible to noninvasively study the activity of the gastro-intestinal system. This new approach may lead to important clinical applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459126
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential metabolic responses to physiological meal and glucose tolerance tests in newly-diagnosed type ii diabetes mellitus
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 20 (1984), S. 1487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-4731
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022-4731(84)90659-9
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide infused at physiological concentrations in normal subjects and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients on glucose tolerance and B-cell secretion (1987)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 30 (1987), S. 707-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucose ; insulin ; C-peptide ; glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ; normal subjects ; Type 2 diabetic patients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of porcine glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide given by continuous intravenous infusion in normal subjects (n=6) and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (n=6) have been investigated. The subjects were studied on 2 separate days after overnight fasts. On each day 25 g of glucose was infused from 0–30 min plus an infusion of either porcine glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (0.75 pmol·kg−1·min−1) or control solution. During the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide infusion plasma glucose values were reduced in normal subjects from 30–60 min (p〈0.01) and in Type 2 diabetic patients at 45 and 60 min (p〈0.05). In the normal subjects insulin concentrations were greater from 10–35 min (p〈0.01) following glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide infusion and peak values were increased by 123%. In the Type 2 diabetic patients following glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide infusion insulin levels were increased from 4–40 min (p〈0.01) but peak values were only increased by 27%. In the normal subjects C-peptide values were greater from 25–45 min (p〈0.01) following glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide infusion and peak C-peptide levels were increased by 82%. In the Type 2 diabetic patients following the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide infusion C-peptide levels were increased from 6–55 min (p〈0.01) and peak values were increased by 20%. Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide levels were within the physiological post prandial range during the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide infusion. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is insulinotropic in normal subjects and Type 2 diabetic patients at physiological concentrations and results in improved glucose tolerance. This insulinotropic effect is less marked in the diabetic patients and may represent insensitivity of the B cell to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296993
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide response to oral glucose and mixed meals is increased in patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1989)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 32 (1989), S. 668-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; normal subjects ; glucose ; insulin ; C-peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Considerable disagreement exists regarding the levels of immunoreactive glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide levels were therefore studied during oral glucose and mixed meal tolerance tests in normal subjects (n=31) and newly presenting previously untreated patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=68). The tests were performed in random order after overnight fasts and blood samples were taken at 30 min intervals for 4 h. During the oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide levels increased in the normal subjects from a fasting value of 20±3 pmol/l to a peak of 68±5 pmol/l at 30 min and in the Type 2 diabetic patients from a similar fasting level of 27±3 pmol/l to a higher peak value of 104±6 pmol/l at 30 min (p〈0.001). Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide levels were significantly higher in the diabetic patients compared with the normal subjects from 30–90 min (p〈0.01–0.001) following oral glucose. During the meal tolerance test glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide levels increased in the normal subjects from a pre-prandial value of 22±4 pmol/l to a peak of 93±6 pmol/l at 90 min and in the Type 2 diabetic patients from a similar basal level of 25±2 pmol/l to a higher peak of 133±7 pmol/l at 60 min. Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide concentrations were significantly higher in Type 2 diabetic patients compared with the normal subjects at 30 min (p〈0.001), 60 min (p〈0.01) and from 210–240 min (p〈0.05) during the meal tolerance test. The groups were subdivided on the basis of degree of obesity and glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide concentrations were still higher in the diabetic subgroups compared with the normal subjects matched for weight. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an exaggerated glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide response to oral glucose and mixed meals which is independent of any effect of obesity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274255
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