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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 25 (1996), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Equation of state ; chemical potential ; phase equilibrium ; density ; H2O ; NH3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An equation of state (EOS) for the NH3−H2O system has been developed. This EOS incorporates a highly accurate end-member EOS and on an empirical mixing rule. The mixing rule is based on an analogy with high order contributions to the virial expansion for mixtures. Comparison with experimental data indicates that the mixed system EOS can predict both phase equilibria and volumetric properties for this binary system with accuracy close to that of the experimental data from 50°C and 1 bar to critical temperatures and pressures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: chemical models ; simulations ; calcite ; solubility ; carbon dioxide ; geothermal ; carbonate ; hydrogen sulfide ; thermodynamic.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes chemical equilibrium models for predicting carbonate and silica scale formation, CO2 breakout and H2S gas exchange in geothermal brine systems to high concentration and temperature. The equilibrium description is based on a minimization of the free energy of the system with solute activities described by the semiempirical equations of Pitzer (1973; 1987). The carbonate model is parameterized by appropriate osmotic, electromotive force and solubility data (T ≤ 250°C) available in binary and ternary solutions in the seawater Na–K–H–Ca–Cl–SO4–H2O system. The silica model is parameterized by solubility data to 320°C in the Na–Mg–Cl–SO4–SiO2–H2O system. The H2S model is parameterized by solubility data in the H2S–NaCl–H2O system to 320°C. The predictive capabilities of the models are demonstrated by comparison to both laboratory and field data. Examples have been given to illustrate the use of the carbonate model to predict downhole brine compositions in contact with specified formation minerals, temperature and pressure effects on carbonate scaling, the effect of scale inhibitors and breakout characteristics. Application of the silica model demonstrates the effect of temperature on silica scale formation. These illustrations show that the models can be used to reliably predict important chemical behavior in geothermal operations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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