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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of growth hormone secretion with human growth hormone releasing factors (GRF1–44, GRF1–40, GRF1–29) in normal subjects (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 62 (1984), S. 1140-1143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) ; GRF test ; Growth hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peptides of different chain lengths (GRF1–44, GRF1–40, GRF1–29) were given as a 50 µg i.v. bolus to five normal volunteers. Blood was collected before and until 120 min after GRF injection. No serious side effects were recorded. All GRF peptides led to a clearcut and significant increase of GH levels compared to placebo controls with the maximum occurring 15–30 min after GRF injection. There was no significant difference in the maximal GH increase after the different GRF peptides. When GRF1–44 was administered to five normal subjects over 2 days in 6- and 18-h intervals, respectively, significant increase of GH levels were recorded after each injection compared to placebo controls. Again, there was no significant difference between the maximal GH rises during the different tests. These findings show that the short GRF1–29 peptide may be used for diagnosis and therapy. In addition, in contrast to continuous infusion and administration of GRF in short intervals, GRF application in 6-h intervals leads to adequate GH responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01782473
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined pituitary function-test with four hypothalamic releasing hormones (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 314-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Anterior pituitary ; Releasing hormones ; Dopamine agonists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Anterior pituitary function was investigated in ten healthy subjects by administering a combination of 200 µg thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), 100 µg gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), 100 µg growth hormone releasing factor (GRF1–44), and 100 µg human corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). The same test protocol was performed in all subjects after pretreatment with 0.25 mg terguride. Five subjects were tested only with TRH and GnRH, five only with CRF, and six only with GRF. There was a prompt increase in all hormones after the administration of the four releasing hormones (RH). Pretreatment with terguride lowered the prolactin (PRL) increase (p〈0.01) as well as the thyrotropin (TSH) peak (p〈0.05) compared with the test without dopamine agonist pretreatment. The PRL levels after combined RH administration were significantly higher than after TRH and GnRH alone. Although four of the five subjects had higher TSH levels after combined RH administration than after TRH and GnRH alone, the difference was not significant. Other hormones were not significantly influenced by the combined RH administration or dopamine agonist pretreatment. Despite the fact that the interaction of the different releasing hormones and dopamine agonists influences the pituitary hormone response, combined RH administration seems to be a useful test for evaluating pituitary function also in patients receiving dopamine agonist therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01711949
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-stimulation test in normal controls and patients with disturbances of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 1485-1491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) ; Adrenocorticotropic hormone level (ACTH) ; Cortisol ; Cushing's disease ; Adrenal insufficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intravenous application of 100 µg synthetic ovine corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) led to stimulation of ACTH-secretion in nine normal controls, with a maximum 30 min after CRF. Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone and 11-deoxycortisol increased with a maximum at 60 min after CRF, whereas no rise was seen in aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, DHEA-S and testosterone. The specificity of CRF-stimulation was also shown by unchanged TSH, LH, FSH, hGH, prolactin and thyroid hormone levels, als well as unchanged insulin and gastrin levels. No serious side-effects were observed during the test period and afterwards. CRF-tests were performed in ten patients with disturbances of the hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis (HPAA). Preliminary findings show hyperresponsiveness of ACTH in all situations of ACTH-hypersecretion (two patients with Cushing's disease, one patient with Nelson's syndrome, and one with Addison's disease). In contrast, one patient with successful microadenomectomy showed no response of ACTH to CRF, whereas in another patient with a macroadenoma ACTH and cortisol-levels still increased postoperatively. Divergent patterns in ACTH-responsiveness to CRF were seen in four patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency, allowing the localization of the defect. These data point to the possible importance of the “CRF-test” as a differential diagnostic tool and prognostic factor in diseases of the HPAA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01716099
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical and biochemical features of patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Primary aldosteronism ; 18-Hydroxycorticosterone ; 18-Hydroxydeoxycorticosterone ; Saline infusion ; Angiotensin II ; Metoclopramide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) (7 histologically proved) and 6 patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) (2 histologically proved) were evaluated for differential diagnosis using clinical, radiographic, and biochemical parameters. Mean basal plasma aldosterone (445±146 (SD) pg/ml), 18-hydroxycorticosterone (975±394 pg/ml), and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone levels (374±266 pg/ml) and mean diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in patients with APA (p〈0.05 andp〈0.01), whereas mean plasma potassium levels and stimulated plasma renin activity were lower in subjects with APA as compared to patients with IHA (p〈0.01 andp〈0.01). Radiographic procedures predicted the correct diagnosis in 3 of 8 operated cases (37%) and selective adrenal vein sampling in 5 of 6 cases (83%). Urinary aldosterone excretion (30±10 µg/24 h) was suppressed inall patients with IHA after a 21 isotonic saline infusion in 2 h (13±6,p〈0.01). Inall patients with APA, however, aldosterone excretion wasnot suppressible (basal: 36±12). Plasma aldosterone levels of some patients with APA could be reduced by saline infusion and the response was not characteristically different between both groups. After 10 mg metoclopramide iv. the slopes of plasma aldosterone levels were similar for patients with APA and normal subjects. Patients with IHA showed a different secretion pattern with a delay of both the increase and the decline of aldosterone levels. Graded angiotensin II infusions (subpressor doses for normotensive individuals) did not increase plasma aldosterone levels in patients with APA. However, in patients with IHA, excessive increases of aldosterone levels were seen (basal: 268±54 pg/ml, after 4 ng A II/kg−1·min−1: 806±262). From these data, we conclude that patients with APA could be reliably identified before operation by determination of urinary aldosterone before and after a simple saline infusion test. Additionally, plasma aldosterone levels after metoclopramide iv. or angiotensin II infusions may be helpful diagnostic tools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01484437
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corticotropin releasing hormone in plasma of patients with Cushing's disease (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 65 (1987), S. 529-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) ; Cushing's disease ; remission ; transspenoidal surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01721042
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor (hpGRF): Dose-response of GRF- and GH-levels (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 1249-1253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) ; Growth hormone ; Radioimmunoassay of GRF and GH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synthetic human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor (hpGRF1–44) was given as an i.v. bolus to 8 healthy volunteers in 5 different dosages. Blood was collected before and up to 120 min after GRF-injection. Four subjects received only placebo, five received 3.3 µg, three 12.5 µg, four 50 µg, 5 received 100 µg, and three 200 µg hpGRF1–44. No serious side effects were recorded after hpGRF1–44. All dosages with the exception of the 3.3 µg-dosage lead to a clearcut and significant increase of GH-levels with a maximum occurring 15 to 30 minutes after hpGRF1–44. A dose-response-relationship between the injected GRF-dosage and growth hormone levels was only found from 3.3 to 50 µg hpGRF1–44. The administration of 100 or 200 µg hpGRF1–44 did not lead to a further increase of GH-levels compared to the 50-µg-dose. This was in contrast to the clearcut dose dependency of hpGRF1–44-levels measured by a specific radioimmunoassay over the whole dose range with a maximum occurring 5 minutes after the injection. The mean halftime of disappearance for the 200-µg-dose of hp-GRF1–44 was 7.6±1.7 minutes (±SE). We conclude that there is a marked heterogeneity of the GH-response to hpGRF1–44 in healthy volunteers though a dose-response-relationship over the range from 3.3 to 50 µg hpGRF i.v. could be established. The dose-response-dependency of hpGRF1–44-levels up to the 200-µg-dose indicates that the maximal GH-response is reached when 50 µg hpGRF1–44 are administered. Therefore the test for routine purposes should be performed with 50 µg or 1 µg/kg body weight i.v.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01540473
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potentiation of the hCRF-induced release of ACTH in man by an opioid antagonist (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 65 (1987), S. 453-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Human corticotropin-releasing factor (hCRF) ; ACTH ; Cortisol ; Naloxone ; Opioid receptor blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Administration of synthetic human corticotropin-releasing factor (hCRF; 2 µg/kg body weight) to six normal male subjects produced a significant rise in plasma ACTH, followed by an increase in circulating cortisol. Simultaneous treatment with the opioid antagonist naloxone (1.6 mg i.v. bolus, followed by an infusion at a rate of 1.2 mg/h) significantly potentiated the hCRF-induced rise in ACTH and enhanced the cortisol response to hCRF. It is suggested that naloxone acts by antagonizing an inhibitory ultra-short-loop feedback effect of coreleased β-endorphin on pituitary corticotrophs, thereby amplifying the net effect of hCRF, i.e., the release of ACTH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01712837
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 67 (1989), S. 951-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa ; Pheochromocytoma ; Medullary thyroid carcinoma ; Hyperparathyroidism ; Chromosome banding studies ; DNA linkage analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report on incidental findings during family screening of two kindreds with multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa. Pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma of considerable size were detected. The results underline the importance of early diagnosis of the syndrome, since the afflicted may be almost or wholly asymptomatic. High resolution chromosome banding studies were carried out in both families, but no abnormality was found. Linkage analysis using DNA markers closely related to the chromosomal locus at chromosome 10 was carried out and was positive in two asymptomatic offspring of one family, whereas the markers were not informative in a second family. We recommend early linkage analysis for establishing the genetic status in offspring of multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa families to identify for further screening those who are predicted to be gene carrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01721424
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factor (hpGRF): GRF-and GH-levels after bolus injection and infusion of hpGRF1–44 (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 75 (1985), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synthetic human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factor (hpGRF1–44) was given as an i.v. bolus to healthy volunteers in 5 different dosages (3.3μg to 200μg hpGRF1–44). In addition 11 healthy subjects were infused over 2 respectively 5 hours in a dosage of 100μg hpGRF1–44/h after receiving a bolus of 50 μg hpGRF1–44. Four healthy subjects served as placebo controls. GH, PRL, TSH, and GRF were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. The results show the clearcut dose response relationship between the administered GRF dosage and the resulting GH response from 3.3 to 50μg hpGRF1–44 i.v. Higher dosages of hpGRF1–44 did not lead to a more pronounced GH response though there was a linear dose response relationship between the administered hpGRF1–44 and the GRF immunoreactivity 5 minutes after injection. Infusion of hpGRF could not sustain elevated GRF levels and a second bolus of 50μg hpGRF1–44 given at the end of the 2-respectively 5-hour infusion led to a minor increase compared to the first bolus. 100μg hpGRF1–44 was given to 14 patients with active acromegaly leading to a significant rise of the GH levels with the exception of 3 patients. Of the latter 3 two had received previous therapy, and one patient suffered from ectopic GRF hypersecretion. When GH responses to hpGRF1–44 were compared to the responses to other releasing hormones there was no correlation. After transsphenoidal surgery divergent responses of GH were seen. In one patient with low basal GH and an exaggerated rise after GRF before surgery there was no response after successful transsphenoidal operation. We conclude that there is marked heterogeneity of the GH response to hpGRF1–44 in normal subjects with a dose response relationship in the low dose range which is not apparent when higher dosages above 50 μg hpGRF1–44 are used. Long-term infusion can not sustain elevated GH levels which may be explained by antagonizing factors like somatostatin. Patients with active acromegaly who have not been treated show regularly a response to hpGRF1–44, which may disappear after transsphenoidal surgery. In addition lack of GH responsiveness to hpGRF1–44 does not exclude active acromegaly in already treated patients. If untreated patients do not have a GH response after hpGRF they may have an ectopic GRF source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01406326
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transsphenoidal surgery with the additional use of the Nd-Yag-Laser (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 94 (1988), S. 66-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Pituitary adenoma ; transsphenoidal operation ; Nd-Yag-Laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 100 Patients with pituitary adenomas were operated upon by the transsphenoidal route with additional use of the Nd-Yag-Laser. For this purpose, a suitable microsurgical handpiece has been developed. The energy output used in these operations was 30 W with a coagulation time not exceeding two seconds. Both the selectivity and radicality of the surgical procedure was documented by endocrinological investigation as well as by ophthalmological testing and radiological follow-up using high resolution CT and, more recently, Magnetic Resonance Imaging. When compared with the series of other authors, the selectivity as reflected by testing the anterior lobe functions pre- and postoperatively was not altered by the additional use of the Laser. The Nd-Yag-Laser seems to be a useful device in transsphenoidal surgery due to its potent coagulation effect and comfortable handling. If applied in a correct manner, there is no risk of additional damage to normal pituitary tissue and the surrounding structures. The possibility of coagulating tumour remnants, which cannot be removed by currettage, may increase also the radicality of the procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01406618
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