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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 7 (1968), S. 1817-1823 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 181-268 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 163 (1969), S. 334-356 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Auf jedem Axialniveau eines Polypen sind die Potenzen zur Regeneration basalwärts folgender Teile unterdrückt; apikalwärts anschließende Regionen sind regenerierbar. Erscheinen am Basalende überhaupt Regenerate, so in Form inverser Apikalstrukturen. Es entstehen bipolare Formen mit spiegelbildlicher axialer Gliederung. 2. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit inverspolarer Bildungen steigt proportional zur Distanz zwischen Peristom und basaler Wundfläche. Sie erhöht sich in allen Distanzklassen nach Amputation des Peristoms (Abb. 2, Tabelle), das demzufolge als Dominanzpol erscheint. 3. Die Latenzzeiten bis zum Erscheinen neuer Tentakel steigen im Normalfall von apikal nach basal auf das Doppelte an. Das apikale Primordium erhält einen Entwicklungsvorsprung und gewinnt die Dominanzposition. Entsprechend erhöht sich die Inversrate, wenn 3–12 h nach der Amputation des Peristoms das apikale Blastem entfernt wird. In einer nur bipolare Regenerationen umfassenden Stichprobe ist der Gradient der Latenzzeiten flacher als im Normalkollektiv (Abb. 1). 4. Nach Dissoziation des Gewebes geht die Richtungspolarität der Regenerationspotenzen verloren. Reaggregate entwickeln Stolone, wohingegen im intakten Polypen die Stolobildungspotenz in allen Regionen stabil blockiert ist. Ebenso führt die operative Drehung der polaren Achse um 90° zum Freiwerden dieser Potenz. 5. Ein im Transplantations- oder Parabiose-Experiment hergestellter Kontakt zwischen Regionen unterschiedlichen Axialniveaus führt zur Induktion einer Zweitbildung. Diese entwickelt jene Strukturen, die normalerweise zwischen den in Nachbarschaft gebrachten Regionen eingefügt sind. 6. Durch Implantation von Markierungselementen und durch Applikation von3H-Thymidin wird bei zwei exemplarischen Kombinationen (Peristom + Stolo, Stolo + subtentakuläre Region) der Herkunftsort des die Zweitbildung aufbauenden Zellmaterials bestimmt. Die hierbei und in Parabioseversuchen geeigneter Anordnung (Kettenschaltung, Abb. 3) ermittelten Vektoren der Induktionsflüsse lassen zwei entgegengesetzt gerichtete Induktionssysteme erkennen: a) Ein von apikal nach basal gerichtetes System: Apikalregionen (oberhalb der stationären Zone gelegene Regionen) rufen in tieferen Axialbezirken Strukturen hervor, die im Regenerationsfall spontan erscheinen und einem höheren Niveau zugehören. b) Ein von basal nach apikal gerichtetes System: Stologewebe (Basalpol) induziert in Basalregionen (unterhalb der stationären Zone gelegene Regionen) die Entwicklung von Strukturen, die einem tieferen Axialniveau zugehören und im Regenerationsfall nicht erscheinen. Die Vektoren der Induktionssysteme sind den Vektoren der Materialströme im morphogenetischen Fließgleichgewicht entgegengerichtet. Mit dem Verlust des Kontaktes zum Stologewebe (basale Induktionsquelle) verebbt im Polyp der nach basal gerichtete Materialfluß. In Kontakt zueinander gebrachte Regionen gleicher Struktur vereinigen sich. Die summierte Zellmenge wird auf Normalmaß reduziert. 7. In Anlehnung an Vorstellungen der Genphysiologie wird ein Modell über die Steuerung der Differenzierung entworfen, das alle morphogenetischen Prozesse (Regeneration, Induktionsphänomene, Knospung, morphogenetisches Fließgleichgewicht) einheitlich beschreibt. Es impliziert sowohl Induktions- als auch Hemmechanismen. Die Vorstellung von Konzentrationsgradienten diffusibler Wirksubstanzen (Gradiententheorie) wird mit alternativen Erklärungsmöglichkeiten konfrontiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. At any axial level in the polyps the potencies to regenerate basal parts are suppressed, while apical regions can be regenerated. If regenerative formations occur at the basal end at all, they will become apical structures leading to bipolar forms with symmetrical axial pattern. 2. The probability of such heteropolar development is positively correlated to the distance between the apical pole and the basal cut. Moreover, the probability rises, at all distances, after removal of the hypostomes, which, therefore, are interpreted as being in a position of dominance. 3. The lag between amputation and the appearance of new tentacles increases from apex to base. This gradient, being less steep for heteropolar regeneration, ensures that the apical primordium normally will get a start to win the position of dominance. Accordingly the rate of heteropolarity rises after removing or destroying the apical primordium within 3–12 h after amputation of the hypostome. 4. The polar pattern of potencies changes after dissociation of tissue. Reaggregated cellassociations develop stolons, whereas the potency of stolon formation proves to be stably suppressed in all parts of intact polyps. This potency is released also after operative displacement of the polar axis by 90°. 5. Induction phenomena occur when two regions of different and distant axial level are brought into contact, either by transplantation or by parabiosis. The induced formations develop those axial regions that normally are located between the two combined regions. 6. In several experiments, including parabiosis combinations, implanting of marks and autoradiographic studies, the inductive system was shown to consist of two components: a) The apical system, the vector of which is directed from apex to base: regions above the stationary zone bring about the development of structures in more basal levels, that may occur spontaneously in regeneration and that belong to higher axial levels. b) The basal system, directed from base to apex: the hydrorhiza induces, in regions in which the tissue movement is orientated basally (regions below the stationary zone), structures the properties of which are characteristic of deeper axial levels and that can not be regenerated. The vectors of the inductive streams, therefore, are opposed to the vectors of tissue movement during steady state growth. After disconnecting the junction to the hydrorhiza, that is the source of the basal inductive stimulus, the basally directed stream of cellular material dies down. 7. Following ideas of gene physiology a model of the process regulating differentiation can be constructed, which will describe the development of polar patterns in regeneration, induction phenomena, budding and steady state growth, and which may attribute all morphogenetic processes to the same mechanisms of control. These mechanisms include activators as well as blocking factors subjected to the activating stimuli. The assumption of gradients established by diffusible substances is not implicitely necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 173 (1973), S. 107-121 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Metamorphose der Planulae vonHydractinia echinata (Hydrozoa) wird durch bestimmte marine, gramnegative Bakterien ausgelöst, die gegen Ende des exponentiellen Wachstums ein stimulierendes Prinzip freisetzen. 2. Der Reiz wird nur von stationären Zellen nach Anzucht bei niederer Populationsdichte (bis zu 107 Zellen/ml) in einem geeigneten Medium (z.B. Fleischextrakt) abgegeben. Übertragung der Mikroben in Nährstoff-freies Seewasser erhöht ihre Induktionskapazität. 3. Die Konzentration des Induktors übertrifft normalerweise den Schwellenwert nur in der engsten Umgebung lebender Bakterien. Nur wenn die Mikroben durch einen plötzlichen Abfall des osmotischen Drucks geschockt werden, hinterlassen sie im filtrierten Medium nachweisbare Spuren. 4. Entsprechend kann das Agens durch ein osmotisches Schockverfahren, das die Mikroben am Leben läßt, angereichert und isoliert werden. Der Induktor gehört zu einer Kategorie mikrobieller Substanzen, die unter dem Begriff “leakage” -Produkte zusammengefaßt werden. 5. Das aktive Prinzip kann aus der leakage-Lösung mit Aceton gefällt und mit Chloroform extrahiert werden. Es scheint ein instabiles, nicht-dialysierbares, polares Lipid zu sein. 6. Um eine vollzählige und vollständige Metamorphose zu erzielen, muß der isolierte Induktor in Art eines Pulses appliziert werden. Nimmt man den Beginn der Metamorphose als Maß der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, zeigen die Dosis-Wirkungskurven einen Michaelisartigen Sättigungsverlauf. Bei kurzen Pulsen ergeben die Prozentsätze induzierter Metamorphosen ebenfalls eine Sättigungskurve. Dies deutet die Beteiligung eines Enzyms oder Carrier-systems bei der larvalen Reaktion an. 7. Der induzierende Effekt wird durch gleichzeitige Applikation von Ouabain gehemmt. Umgekehrt kann eine hohe Dosis an leakage-Material den Ouabainhlock überrollen. Die Primärwirkung des Induktors kann somit als Stimulation des aktiven Kationentransports, speziell als Stimulation der Na+/K+-ATPase interpretiert werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. The metamorphosis of the planulae ofHydractinia echinata (Hydrozoa) is induced by certain marine, gramnegative bacteria which at the end of the exponential growth release a stimulating principle. 2. The stimulus is liberated by stationary cells previously cultivated at low population densities (up to 107 cells/ml) in a proper medium (e.g. extract of meat). Transfer into seawater lacking nutritive sources enhances the inductive capacity. 3. The concentration of the inducing agent normally surpasses the threshold level only in the close microenvironment of living cells. But when shocked by a drop in the osmotic pressure the bacteria discharge increased amounts which become traceable in the filtered cell-free medium. 4. Thus the inducer can be accumulated and isolated by a process of osmotic shock which does not affect the viability of the microbes. The principle belongs to a category of microbial substances which are subsumed under the comprehensive term „leakage“-products. 5. The active principle can be precipitated from the leakage solution with acetone and extracted with chloroform. The inducer seems to be an unstable, nondialyzable, polar lipid. 6. In order to evoke complete metamorphosis the isolated agent must be applied in a pulse-like fashion. Using the onset of metamorphosis as criterion for the velocity of reaction the dose-response curves display Michaelis-like saturation kinetics. At short pulses the percentages of induced metamorphoses yield a saturation curve as well. This indicates that an enzyme or carrier-system is involved in the larval response. 7. The inducing effect of the bacterial principle is antagonized by ouabain. Conversely, high doses of the isolated leakage material abolish the ouabain inhibition. The primary effect of the inducer, therefore, can be interpreted as stimulation of the active cation transport, especially of the Na+/K+-ATPase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 177 (1975), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Interpersonal differentiation between gasterozooids and gonozooids, inHydractinia echinata, is reflected by the pattern of extractable enzyme activities. With regard to their activity levels in the different hydranths the enzymes can be arranged in two groups. In the first group the specific activities are highest in gasterozooids and decline in the order gasterozooids〉male gonozooids〉female gonozooids. This group includes GAPDH, LDH, ICDH, and GPT. The activities of the second group are highest in female polyps and display the inverse sequence. This group comprises CS, GOT, and GLDH. When the GAPDH levels, taken as 100 pc each, are chosen as point of reference only this second sequence can be established and is now represented by MDH, ICDH, and G-6-PDH as well. 6-PGDH activity could not be determined in adult hydranths. According to the ratio of GAPDH/CS and the LDH level the gasterozooids prefer the anaerobic glycolytic pathway whereas in the sexual hydranths relatively more substrate is supplied at the disposal of the citrate cycle. Two metabolites of the citrate cycle, ketoglutarate and succinate, are known to promote the transformation of nutritive zooids into sexual zooids. The differences observed in the activities of GOT, GLDH, and ICDH, therefore, may be correlated not only with the production of gonocytes but also with the specific type of differentiation which in sexual hydranths is governed by a specific morphogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Isolated cells from the siliceous spongeGeodia cydonium have been studied with respect to their partition behaviour in a two-phase aqueous polymer system. With this method it is possible to determine subtle changes in the cell surface charge. Addition of a homologous aggregation factor to the isolated cells lowers the partition rate, a finding which indicates that after binding of the aggregation factor to the cells their surface charge is reduced. The partition rate of the cells is strongly correlated with their content of membranebound sialic acid. Sixty-nine percent of the total, membrane-bound hexuronic acid is associated with the aggregation receptor; 1.8×107 aggregation receptor molecules are present on the surface of one cell which means that the average surface density amounts to 2.8×105 molecules per μm2. Removal of the aggregation receptor molecules from the cell surface results in a decrease of the partition rate in the two-phase system. After charging the receptor-depleted cells with soluble aggregation receptor, the partition behaviour of these cells can be reconstituted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ammonia ; Methylamines ; Glutamine ; Nematocytes ; Nerve cells ; Coelenterates ; Hydra ; Hydractinia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hydrozoa replace used-up nematocytes (cnidocytes) by proliferation and differentiation from interstitial stem cells (i cells). Repeated pulsed exposure ofHydra to elevated levels of unprotonated ammonia leads to successive loss of the various types of nematocytes: first of the stenoteles, then of the isorhizas and finally of the desmonemes. The loss is due to deficits in supply; the number of nematoblasts and differentiating intermediates is reduced. In the hydroidHydractinia the main process leading to numerical reduction was observed in vivo: mature nematocytes as well as precursors emigrate from their place of origin into the gastrovascular channels where they are removed by phagocytosis. This is a regular means by which these animals down-regulate an induced surplus of nematocytes. With lower effectiveness, pulses of methylamine, trimethylamine and glutamine also induce elimination of the nematocyte lineages. In the long term the population of nerve cells, which are permanently but slowly renewed from interstitial neuroblasts, decreases, too. After 2 months of daily repeated treatment the density of the Arg-Phe-amide-positive nerve cells was reduced to 50% of its normal level. Thus, ammonia induces down-regulation of all interstitial cell lineages. The temporal sequence of the ammonia-induced loss reflects the diverse rates with which the various i cell descendants normally are renewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 163 (1969), S. 357-374 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. In Homogenaten aller Gewebe ist ein thermostabiler Faktor zugegen, der inverspolare Regenerationen hervorruft. Isolierte, thermostabile Nesselgifte zeitigen gleiche Symptome. Eine thermolabile Substanz mit gleichsinniger Wirkung ist in Extrakten Cniden-freier Mundkegel nachweisbar. 2. Eine erst nach chromatographischer Trennung der Extrakte nachweisbare, in Nähr- und Geschlechtspolypen vorhandene Substanz ruft eine Erhöhung der Tentakelzahl und die Entwicklung von Tentakeln außerhalb des Tentakelkranzes hervor. Nach dem 1. Trennschritt an DEAE-Sephadex A-50 darüber hinaus gehäuft aufgetretene inverspolare Peristombildungen blieben nach der 2. Trennung an Sephadex G-25 im Bereich der normalen Häufigkeit. Der Tentakel-induzierende Faktor wird durch Trypsin zerstört; nach der Retention an G-25 liegt sein MG im Bereich der Peptidhormone. 3. Bei pH 6,8 und hoher Salinität (= 0,57 M NaCl) extrahierte, säulenchromatographisch und durch Reinecke-Präzipitation isolierte basische Proteine blockieren die Regeneration und rufen spasmische Kontraktionen hervor. Discelektrophoretisch waren bei pH 4,3 zwölf, bei pH 8,2 acht elektropositive Bande nachzuweisen. 4. Hydrorhizagewebe behält nach Gefriertrocknung seine induktive Kapazität. 5. In der Erörterung der Resultate wird u. a. bezüglich des apikalen Induktionssystems die Vorstellung einer Induktionskaskade der Vorstellung eines Konzentrationsgradienten gegenübergestellt. Es wird dargelegt, daß die hier und in vergleichbaren Arbeiten gewählten Testsysteme den Nachweis Peristom-induzierender („polarisierender“) Faktoren nicht gestatten.
    Notes: Summary 1. In homogenates of all tissues, including the hydrorhiza, thermostable factors are present capable of evoking heteropolar regeneration. Isolated heat-stable nematocyst toxins lead, in proper concentrations, to the same symptoms. A heat-labile substance with analogous effects is traceable in extracts of the nematocyst-free proboscis. 2. Extracts of gastrozooids and of blastostyles supply a substance which brings about the development of supernumerary tentacles. This substance, which was detectable only after separation of the extract by column chromatography, is digested by trypsin and seems to have a molecular weight in the range of peptide hormones. Heteropolar head-formations, which beyond that have been evoked after the first Chromatographie step on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, remained within the normal range of frequency after further purifying the substance with Sephadex G-25. 3. Basic proteins, extracted with 0.57 M NaCl at pH 6.8, and purified by Reineckeprecipitation and by chromatography, block any regeneration and evoke spasmic contractions. By means of discelektrophoresis eight (at pH 8.2) resp. twelve (at pH 4.3) electropositive proteins have been detectable. 4. Material of the hydrorhiza retains, when freeze-dried, its inductive capacity. 5. In the discussion of the results concerning the apical inducers, the gradient hypothesis is confronted with the concept of an induction sequence. Furthermore, it is explained, that the testing system chosen here and in similar works does not prove the existence of hypostomeinducing (“polarizing”) factors, since not only specific inducers but also inhibitors interfering with the dominance system will give rise to heteropolar regeneration.
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