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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Weed research 42 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of a range of herbicide doses on crop:weed competition were investigated by measuring crop yield and weed seed production. Weed competitivity of wheat was greater in cv. Spark than in cv. Avalon, and decreased with increasing herbicide dose, being well described by the standard dose–response curve. A combined model was then developed by incorporating the standard dose–response curve into the rectangular hyperbola competition model to describe the effects of plant density of a model weed, Brassica napus L., and a herbicide, metsulfuron-methyl, on crop yield and weed seed production. The model developed in this study was used to describe crop yield and weed seed production, and to estimate the herbicide dose required to restrict crop yield loss caused by weeds and weed seed production to an acceptable level. At the acceptable yield loss of 5% and the weed density of 200 B. napus plants m–2, the model recommends 0.9 g a.i. metsulfuron-methyl ha–1 in Avalon and 2.0 g a.i. in Spark.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 36 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The spatial variability of weeds within fields was studied for six sets of count data. Heterogeneity for a given mean population density was measured using the variance of the counts between sample units at different locations; relatively large values of sample variance imply aggregation. The dependence of variance on mean was measured using the relationship known as Taylor's power law, ubiquitous in animal ecology but seldom used for plant populations. This was fitted to an extensive set of plant counts and 69 estimates of its parameters b, an index of aggregation, and log10a were computed. Estimates were corrected for bias when the number of samples was small. Overall, b varied between 1.32 and 2.61, and log10a varied between -0.85 and 1.58. agreeing well with previous estimates for both plant and animal populations. Parameter estimates varied with sample size and spatial sample scale, but unpredictably. Parameter values when species counts were combined were compared with individual species analyses. Knowledge of the likely range of these parameters for weed populations provides an important basis for future modelling of the relationship between weed density and crop yield loss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 28 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Estimates of numbers of weed grass inflorescences in a single wheat field were made using 0·25 m2 quadrat counts. Precise estimates of mean field density could be achieved only at high sampling intensity, at least 18 locations (m2) ha-1. The standard error expressed as a percentage of the mean was less than 20% for more abundant species and over 30% for rarer species at that sampling intensity. However, the data were highly skewed and followed a negative binomial frequency distribution for each species. This implies it may be usual for arable weeds that plants are clumped, with clumps occurring at random. A computer mapping program that interpolates arithmetically between sample points did not reflect accurately plant distributions and was affected by sampling intensity. The implications for decision making for weed control using densities are discussed.Estimation au champ des populations de mauvaises herbes en terrains cultivésDes estimations du nombre d'inflorescences de mauvaises herbes dans un champ de blé ont été faites en utilisant des comptages au cadre de 0,25 m2. Les statistiques ont montré que l'estimation de la densité moyenne du champ peut être précise seulement avec une grande intensité de l'échantillonage au moins 18 situations (m2) ha-1. L'erreur standard exprimée en pourcentage était inférieure à 20% pour les espèces les plus abondantes et supérieure à 30% pour les plus rares, à cette densité d'échantillonnage. Cependant, les données étaient très biaisées et suivaient une fréquence de distribution binomiale négative pour chaque espèce. Cette distribution, qui implique que les plantes sont en touffe, peut être commune pour les adventices des terres labourées. Une représentation graphique par ordinnateur n'a pas donné un reflet exact de la distribution des plantes et était très affectée par la densité d'échantillonnage. Les possibilités de la prise de décision de la mise en oeuvre d'un désherbage à partir des densités d'adventices sont discutées.Schätzung von Gräserpopulationen auf ÄckernIn einem Weizenfeld wurde die Dichte der Infloreszenzen von Gräsern mit einem Zählrahmen (0,25 m2) bestimmt. Bei der statistischen Analyse zeigte sich, dass die mittlere Dichte nur bei einer hohen Probendichte von mindestens 18 ha-1 genau geschätzt werden konnte. Der Standard-fehler, ausgedrückt in Prozent vom Mittelwert, war bei dieser Stichprobendichte geringer als 20% für die häufigeren Arten und über 30% für die selteneren. Die Daten jeder Art folgten einer negativen Binomialverieilung mit ausgeprägter Schiefe. Diese Verteilung spiegelt das aggregierte (geklumpte) Auftreten der Pflanzen wider, wobei die Befallsnester zufällig verteilt sind, was für Ackerunkräuter charakteristisch ist. Ein Computer-Program zur Darstellung der Verbreitung mit arithmetrischer Interpolation zwischen den Stichprobenpunkten gab die reale Verteilung nicht genau wieder und hing von der Stichprobendichte ab. Schlussfolgerungen für die Entscheidung über Unkrautbekämpfungsmassnahmen auf der Grundlage von Unkrautdichten werden diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 3 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study evaluates the quality of life status of 39 male and 21 female Caucasian subjects admitted to a voluntary sector community alcohol detoxification unit. Baseline data including socio-demographics, severity of alcohol dependence and alcohol problems were collected 4–5 days following admission. In addition, the following measures were obtained: Rotterdam Symptoms Checklist, the Beck Depression Inventory, the General Health Questionnaire 12, Chubon's Life Situation Survey and the Nottingham Health Profile. Subjects were followed up at 12 weeks, and subdivided into two groups: relapsers and non-relapsers. A relapse was defined as drinking 21 or more units per week for men and 14 units or more per week for women over 7 consecutive days (1 unit is the equivalent of 8–10 g of absolute ethanol). Fifty-eight (97%) subjects were successfully followed-up, with 36 (62%) of the group relapsing to heavy drinking within 12 weeks. The results show that alcohol dependence is associated with a poor quality of life. Subjects rated poorly on the standardized questionnaires compared with the normative values for their reference populations. Relapsers and non-relapsers differed significantly in their life situation, depression, physical and psychological symptom total scores and the Nottingham Health Profile sub-score energy at 12 weeks compared with baseline, and these changes were investigated for each group. Within the relapse group a linear regression showed no association between any of the quality of life measures and time to relapse. Individual sub-score analysis of the Nottingham Health Profile results point to the importance of sleep, social isolation, pain, physical mobility and anergia in alcohol dependency. There was little change as a result of either not remitting or returning to heavy drinking and overall these findings confirm that alcohol dependent subjects have a poor quality of life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 43 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Weeds are major constraints on crop production, yet as part of the primary producers within farming systems, they may be important components of the agroecosystem. Using published literature, the role of weeds in arable systems for other above-ground trophic levels are examined. In the UK, there is evidence that weed flora have changed over the past century, with some species declining in abundance, whereas others have increased. There is also some evidence for a decline in the size of arable weed seedbanks. Some of these changes reflect improved agricultural efficiency, changes to more winter-sown crops in arable rotations and the use of more broad-spectrum herbicide combinations. Interrogation of a database of records of phytophagous insects associated with plant species in the UK reveals that many arable weed species support a high diversity of insect species. Reductions in abundances of host plants may affect associated insects and other taxa. A number of insect groups and farmland birds have shown marked population declines over the past 30 years. Correlational studies indicate that many of these declines are associated with changes in agricultural practices. Certainly reductions in food availability in winter and for nestling birds in spring are implicated in the declines of several bird species, notably the grey partridge, Perdix perdix. Thus weeds have a role within agroecosystems in supporting biodiversity more generally. An understanding of weed competitivity and the importance of weeds for insects and birds may allow the identification of the most important weed species. This may form the first step in balancing the needs for weed control with the requirements for biodiversity and more sustainable production methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sixty DSM-IV alcohol dependent adults (39 males, 21 females) admitted to a voluntary sector alcohol detoxification unit in South London were studied. Socio-demographic data and information on level of alcohol dependence, quality of life, family history, cigarette smoking and the use of prescription/illicit drugs were collected. The subjects were followed-up at 12 weeks and subdivided into two groups, relapse and non-relapse. A relapse was defined as drinking 21 units or more per week for males and 14 units or more per week for females. Data were analysed for baseline and 12-week follow-up comparisons. At 12 weeks, 58 (97%) subjects (38 males, 20 females) were successfully followed-up and 36/58 (62%) had relapsed. After controlling for a Type I error there were significant differences between the relapse and non-relapse subgroups at 12-week followup on the following outcome measures; depression, life situation, withdrawal symptoms, energy, emotional reactions and social isolation. There were no significant differences at baseline between the relapse and nonrelapse subgroups for most of the socio-demographic variables, but Irish nationality and membership of lower social classes (IV and V) were associated with relapse. Major predictors of relapse at baseline after a forward stepwise logistic regression were (in order of increasing statistical significance) Irish nationality, lower social class, greater number of cigarettes smoked and disturbed sleep. The findings are discussed with reference to their consistency with existing research and potential clinical implications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Dispersal ; Mark-recapture ; Metapopulation ; Pitfall trap ; Population density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activity and density of the carabid beetle, Pterostichus melanarius, were studied over 10 weeks in a continuous mark-recapture experiment using a grid of pitfall traps spanning a hedgerow and extending approximately 30 m into two cereal fields; 1777 beetles were individually marked. The recapture rate was approximately 60% and 40% for males and females, respectively. Activity-density rose and fell four times between early June and mid August. Jolly-Seber estimates of density showed population density increasing to a single peak in late July. The mean population density in late July and August was relatively stable at approximately 0.26 m−2. Activity varied over the 10 weeks and was significantly higher during August than in June or July. The daily displacement distance frequencies, calculated from 750 male and 485 female recaptures of individually marked beetles, were distributed exponentially. Mean displacement distances were approximately 2.6 m day−1 during June and July, and 5.3 m day−1 during August. A diffusion model provided diffusion coefficients of 23.7 and 27.9 m2 day−1 for female and male beetles, respectively. The spatial distribution of P. melanarius was aggregated in patches. Spatial analysis by distance indices showed the spatial distribution of counts between successive periods of activity-density to be significantly associated. Approximately 5.75% of recaptures were from releases on the opposite side of the hedgerow. Approximately 20% of recaptures were from releases in opposite halves of the grid within the same field. The hedgerow acted as a significant barrier to dispersal between fields, with implications for the metapopulation structure of the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 5 (1998), S. 349-351 
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 5 (1998), S. 317-344 
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: backtracking ; circular statistics ; Elymus ; repens ; Macrosiphum albifrons ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) ; Sitobion avenae ; source of invasion ; spatial pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The spatial pattern of organisms may be used to characterize their dispersal, quantify spread or estimate the point of introduction of an alien species. Their distribution may be represented by maps of individuals, or by counts or by presence/absence at known positions within a sampled area. The problems and relative merits of these different forms of data for spatial inference are discussed. Three datasets concerning dispersal from a single focus are analyzed: counts of aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae, on barley plants, Hordeum vulgare, grown in experi- mental trays; mapped locations of couch grass, Elymus repens, tillers within plots of a field experiment; locations of sightings of the lupin aphid, Macrosiphum albifrons, as it invaded Great Britain between 1981 and 1984. A method for generating maps from counts is proposed to overcome problems caused by recording imprecision. Several statistics are used to quantify dispersal and spatial pattern in the experimental data and together provide a clear picture of the spatial pattern observed; they enabled several effects of the experimental treatments to be identified. The value of the statistics are compared. Estimates of the source of the lupin aphid invasion are obtained using the backtracking methods of Perry (1995b) and do not contradict previous suggestions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the poor solvent acetone/ethanol the viscosity of a 3% solution of 12.6% N pyro nitrocellulose is found to be related to the geometric mean of the number average and weight average molecular weights. The fractional increase in the viscosity of such a solution on the addition of lead ß-resorcylate is a function only of number average molecular weight. Once calibration has been made against osmotic pressure measurements and intrinsic viscosity, both number and weight average may be measured rapidly with an accuracy which is no less than that of the osmotic pressure and intrinsic viscosity measurements themselves.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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