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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioaccumulation of Vanadium and Other Trace Metals in Livers of Alaskan Cetaceans and Pinnipeds (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 30 (1996), S. 503-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Concentrations for 38 elements are routinely measured in the marine mammal liver tissues archived in the National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NBSB). Results show that hepatic concentrations of vanadium, selenium, silver, cadmium, and mercury are positively correlated with age for beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and of vanadium, selenium, cadmium, and mercury with length for ringed seals (Phoca hispada). Many researchers have reported linear correlations of hepatic selenium, cadmium, and mercury with marine mammal age; however, there is only one other report of a linear correlation of hepatic vanadium with marine mammal age. Vanadium levels are at or below detection limits (≤0.01 μg/g) in liver tissues of U.S. east coast marine mammals from the NBSB but are present at levels ranging from 0.02 to 1.2 μg/g of wet weight in the tissues of Alaskan marine mammals. Although only three bearded seal (Eriganthus barbatus) and three bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) liver samples have been analyzed, hepatic vanadium levels also increased with animal size for these species. The presence of relatively high levels of vanadium in the livers of these Alaskan animals may reflect a unique dietary source of vanadium, a unique geochemical source of vanadium, or anthropogenic input to the Alaskan marine environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900069
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioaccumulation of vanadium and other trace metals in livers of Alaskan cetaceans and pinnipeds (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 30 (1996), S. 503-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations for 38 elements are routinely measured in the marine mammal liver tissues archived in the National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NBSB). Results show that hepatic concentrations of vanadium, selenium, silver, cadmium, and mercury are positively correlated with age for beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and of vanadium, selenium, cadmium, and mercury with length for ringed seals (Phoca hispada). Many researchers have reported linear correlations of hepatic selenium, cadmium, and mercury with marine mammal age; however, there is only one other report of a linear correlation of hepatic vanadium with marine mammal age. Vanadium levels are at or below detection limits (⩽0.01 μg/g) in liver tissues of U.S. east coast marine mammals from the NBSB but are present at levels ranging from 0.02 to 1.2 μg/g of wet weight in the tissues of Alaskan marine mammals. Although only three bearded seal (Eriganthus barbatus) and three bow-head whale (Balaena mysticetus) liver samples have been analyzed, hepatic vanadium levels also increased with animal size for these species. The presence of relatively high levels of vanadium in the livers of these Alaskan animals may reflect a unique dietary source of vanadium, a unique geochemical source of vanadium, or anthropogenic input to the Alaskan marine environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213402
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scattering and absorption effects in neutron beam activation analysis experiments (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 167 (1993), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the effects of scattering and absorption in neutron beam activation analysis experiments, both by direct measurement and by Monte Carlo simulation. Significant sensitivity enhancements occur for thin disks placed at 45° to the beam but very much smaller effects occur for spheres. The agreement between measurement and calculation is generally good.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02035471
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of INAA, PGAA, and RNAA to determine 30 elements for certification of an SRM: Tomato Leaves, 157a (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 179 (1994), S. 149-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analyses for certification have been made for the determination of 30 elements in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Tomato Leaves renewal reference material, SRM 1573a. Three of the analytical techniques used were instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA), and prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA). These techniques provided data on 19 elements by INAA, 10 elements by PGAA, and 7 elements by RNAA, with some overlap between techniques. For example, INAA was able to obtain overall analytical uncerainties (at the 95% confidence level) averaging ±2.2% for major and minor constituents (Ca, Mg, K), ±3.3% for constituents from 1 to 1000 μg/g (Na, Fe, Al, Mn, Ba, Zn, Rb, La, Cr), and ±6.4% for elements between 10 and 1000 ng/g (Co, V, Se, Th, Sc, Sb), using sample dry weights of approximately 150 mg. These analyses represent the most extensive use to date of nuclear analytical techniques in the certification of a trace element SRM at NIST.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02037935
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutron captue prompt gamma-ray activation analysis at the NIST Cold Neutron Research Facility (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 167 (1993), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An instrument for neutron capture prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) has been constructed as part of the Cold Neutron Research Facility at the 20 MW National Institute of Standards and Technology Research Reactor. The neutron fluence rate (thermal equivalent) is 1.5·108 n ·cm−2·s−1, with negligible fast neutrons and gamma-rays. With compact geometry and hydrogen-free construction, the sensitivity is sevenfold better than an existing thermal instrument. Hydrogen background is thirtyfold lower.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02035470
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of instrumental neutron activation analysis for the certification of the new NIST Fly Ash SRM (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 193 (1995), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recently released the second renewal of its “Trace Elements in Coal Fly Ash” Standard Reference Material (SRM 1633b). This new material is currently certified for 23 major, minor and trace elements, and concentrations of an additional 24 elements are provided for “information only” purposes. Current plans are to certify the concentrations of a number of rare earths upon completion of additional analytical work now in progress. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has played a major role in the certification of this new material in view of its potential for accuracy, multielemental capability, ability to assess homogeneity, high sensitivity for many elements, and essentially blank-free nature. For an element to be certified in a NIST SRM its concentration is usually determined by at least two independent analytical techniques. INAA has provided analytical information for 15 of the 23 elements certified, as well as for 22 of the 24 elements listed for “information only”. In addition, INAA has provided much of the homogeneity information for this SRM. This paper will describe these analytical procedures, and highlight those designed to optimize and assess the accuracy of the INAA measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02041911
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutron scattering-induced background enhancement in prompt γ-ray activation analysis (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 167 (1993), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Background enhancements in neutron capture prompt γ-ray activation analysis were determined over a large range of total scattering cross sections by irradiating graphite, S, Be, paraffin, urea and H2O targets. Relative to irradiations using no target, B, Na, Cl, Al, and Pb backgrounds were 7–12 times greater with 2 ml of H2O, but N and Fe backgrounds were only 1.2 and 1.75 times greater, respectively. For biological targets, background count rates can be determined as functions of the 2223 ke V H photopeak count rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02035474
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutron self-shielding in hydrogenous samples (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 216 (1997), S. 65-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements performed in the past to determine sensitivity enhancements (later identified as neutron density increases) in PGNAA as a function of hydrogen concentration in slab-shaped samples are described. The results are compared to the results of Monte Carlo computations. It is concluded that, like H2O, D2O can also cause substantial neutron density increases. In one concentrated salt solution, however, D2O seems to cause a neutron density decrease that cannot be explained from the macroscopic neutron scattering and absorption cross sections in the model used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034497
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutron scattering by hydrogen in cold neutron prompt gamma-activation analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 181 (1994), S. 321-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of neutron scattering by hydrogen within targets for cold neutron prompt γ-ray activation analysis (CNPGAA) have been characterized. For most targets studied, the probability for neutron absorption, and hence CNPGAA sensitivities (counts·s−1·mg−1), decrease with increasing H content and with target thickness. Comparisons with results from thermal neutron PGAA indicate that the effects of cold neutron scattering differ from those of thermal neutron scattering. CNPGAA sensitivities for “l/v” nuclides show similar sensitivity decreases, while Sm sensitivities show smaller decreases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02037638
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of neutron beams for chemical analysis at NIST (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 203 (1996), S. 413-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract At the National Institute of Standards and Technology, there are two techniques for chemical analysis that use neutron beams from the reactor for target irradiation: neutron depth profiling (NDP) and prompt γ-ray activation analysis (PGAA). There are two facilities for each technique, one equipped with a thermal neutron beam and the other, with a cold neutron beam. In addition, focused beams of cold neutrons will be used to measure the two-dimensional element distributions by PGAA and three-dimensional distributions by NDP. This paper includes a brief description of the facilities, the measurement capabilities of each, some recent applications of NDP and PGAA, and neutron focusing as applied to these techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02041520
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