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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 60 (1996), S. 3-17 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary We compare radiosonde observations of relative humidity with NWP versions of the Meteorological Office Unified Model, and attempt to understand the causes of the systematic differences seen. The differences are found to have a different structure in cyclonic and anticyclonic situations over the UK. In cyclonic situations the mid-tropospheric temperature and humidity differences could be due to model biases, consistent with the conservation of energy; the latent heating from precipitation of the model's excess moisture would remove the model's cold bias. There is also some evidence for observational bias. Wetting of the sonde sensor in cloud can cause a moist bias at higher levels. The Väisala RS80 sonde also appears to have a dry bias near saturation. The Unified Model has a parameterisation for stratiform cloud which calculates the fractional cloud cover in a gridbox from the box-average relative humidity, allowing for sub-grid-scale variability within the box. This scheme has been tuned to give reasonable cloud amounts with the model's relative humidities. The cloud amounts implied (by the scheme) for radiosonde relative humidities are systematically less than the observed cloud. So assimilation of the observed humidities can significantly degrade analyses and predictions of cloud. Bias corrections for the radiosonde humidities have been calculated to compensate for this. Experiments have been performed to test the effect of the bias correction on the assimilation and prediction of cloud and precipation. With the control system, cloud cover and precipitation spins-up during the forecast period; the bias correction improves this. A large improvement was also found when the relationship between the temperature and humidity assimilation was changed; it is better to assume that temperature and relative humidity errors are uncorrelated, rather than temperature and specific humidity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 33 (1991), S. 475-477 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Migraine ; Computed tomography ; Cervical spine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous reports have shown an association between the side of C2 spinous process deviation or asymmetrical prominence, or vertebral rotation, and the side of the headache in unilateral migraine. However, this study has found that such C2 appearances were present as frequently in the controls as in the migraine patients, and that there was no association between the side of the anomaly and the lateralisation of the headache. The results were comparable for the different sub-groups of migraine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Patients with Crohn's disease and age, sex and seasonally matched healthy controls were studied for cold lymphocytotoxic and a variety of micriobial antibodies. Lymphocytotoxic antibody titers were increased significantly in the Crohn's patients compared to controls. but did not correlate with any of the microbial titers. Antibodies to a Pseudomonas-like bacterium and Bacteroides vulgatus were also increased in the patients, but titers to Chlamydia trachomatis, rotavirus and Norwalk virus were not elevated above control values. Analysis of microbial antibody within the patient and control groups revealed a significant (P=.001) correlation between antibodies to the Pseudomonas-like bacterium and Bacteroides vulgatus. The elevated titers to the Pseudomonas-like organisms and B. vulgatus are of potential importance, but their significance is known at this time. There is no evidence of an increased incidence of infection with C. trachomatis, rotavirus or Norwalk virus in Crohn's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An aggregation of sessile spherulocytes in the cephalon of female Gammarus setosus surrounds the ramifications of the dorsal aorta and the peripheral ganglion of the frontal organ nerve. It is not a hemopoietic organ. The spherulocytes are of three distinct varieties that may represent phases of a secretory cycle possibly synchronized with molting or reproduction. In addition, four other hemocyte types were identified in the cephalic blood sinuses: prohemocyte, plasmatocyte, granulocyte, and adipohemocyte. The cellular and nuclear dimensions of these hemocytes were analyzed. They were shown to be uniform in cell size with average cell area of 69.27 μm2, and average maximum cell diameter of 11.75 μm. The mean nuclear area and mean maximum nuclear diameter of the prohemocyte are significantly larger than those of the other cell types. The structure of the hemocyte types is described and compared to those of other crustaceans and insects.
    Additional Material: 35 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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