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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 145 (1997), S. 572-587 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Säugling ; Stillen ; Stillempfehlungen ; Medizingeschichte ; Mutter-Kind-Beziehung ; Key words Infant ; Breast-feeding ; Recommendations ; History of pediatrics ; Mother-infant interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 80 textbooks of German pediatric literature published from 1803 to 1993, instructions concerning the technique of breast-feeding were studied (time of the first breast-feeding after birth, frequency of breast-feeding and duration of the interval between two meals at night). The actual pediatric recommendations of breast-feeding harmonize with those promoted in the nineteenth century. Between 1905 and 1915 German pediatricians introduced a new strictly regulated schedule of breast-feeding recommending that the first feeding be 24 h after birth, that there be 5 (or 6) feedings per day and none during a period of 8 h at night. This strictly regulated schedule of breast-feeding was revised in 1960–1985 and replaced by instructions for feeding on demand. In a review, the contemporary scientific arguments as well as the psychological and social context promoting and suppressing scheduled feeding are depicted, and the possible consequences of the strictly regulated schedule of breast-feeding on infant-feeding practices and the manner of interaction of pediatrician with both mother and infant are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In 80 deutschen Fachbüchern aus dem Bereich der Kinderheilkunde aus den Jahren von 1803–1993 wurde systematisch nach ärztlichen Empfehlungen zum Zeitpunkt des ersten Anlegens an die Brust nach der Geburt, zur Zahl der Stillmahlzeiten während eines Tags und zur Einhaltung bzw. zur empfohlenen Dauer der Nachtpause gesucht. Die aktuellen Stillempfehlungen stimmen weitgehend mit den vor über 100 Jahren ausgesprochenen überein. Zwischen 1905 und 1915 setzte sich bei den deutschen Kinderärzten allgemein die Ansicht durch, daß spätes Anlegen an die Brust, 5 bzw. 6 Stillmahlzeiten und eine nächtliche Stillpause von 8 h die für Mutter und Kind optimale Form des Stillens seien. In einer Übersicht werden die von ärztlicher Seite vorgebrachten, zeitgenössischen Argumente für die Einführung dieser streng reglementierenden Stillempfehlungen und ihre Revision in den Jahren von 1960–1985 zusammengestellt, ferner der zeitgeschichtliche Hintergrund ausgeleuchtet und mögliche langfristige Folgen für die Stillbereitschaft der Mütter und das Selbstverständnis der Kinderärzte diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Specific and sensitive procedures have been developed which enabled the structure elucidation of the polypeptide antibiotics (peptaibols), paracelsin isolated from Trichoderma reesei, and of trichotoxin A-50 from Trichoderma viride, by fast atom bombardment and field desorption mass spectrometry. Both peptides were found to exhibit a pronounced microheterogeneity by single and multiple exchange of amino acids. Separation by analytical and semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on octadecylsilyl-bonded, reversed-phase columns afforded a series of sequence analogues for each polypeptide. Unequivocal molecular weight and sequence identifications were obtained by positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment (FAB), and field desorption (FD) mass spectrometry, in combination with a single, selective acidolytic cleavage step. Most important for the FAB mass spectral analysis of the extremely hydrophobic polypeptides was the development of oligoethylene-glycols and -glycol ethers as suitable liquid matrix systems, yielding high sensitivity and structurally significant fragment ions of high abundance. At these conditions, the positive ion FAB mass spectra exhibit regular abundant sequence ions with acylium end groups by peptide bond cleavage from the N-terminus, which provided direct sequence determinations for 13 of 20 residues of paracelsin, and for 12 of 18 residues of trichotoxin A-50. The sequence-specific fragmentation precisely continues up to, and ends at the preferential acidolytic cleavage sites (Pro residues). The remaining C-terminal sequence data was obtained by FD and FAB mass spectra of prolyl-hexa- and -heptapeptaibols produced by acidolytic cleavage in situ with aqueous trifluoroacetic acid. In contrast to the original polypeptides, glycerol as a polar matrix was most suitable for the analysis of prolylpeptaibol fragments in the hyrolysis mixture. By contrast, treatment of paracelsins and trichotoxins A-50 with trifluororacetic acid under anhydrous conditions yielded the corresponding trifluoroacetylated polypeptide derivatives which served to ascertain the position of the C-terminal amino alcohol residues. With this procedure, the structures of 14 closely related, partially isobaric sequence analogues of trichotoxin A-50, and of four sequence analogues of paracelsin were determined with amounts of material in the low nanomole range, which provide an exact pattern of the variable and the conservative sequence areas for these polypeptides.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 12 (1985), S. 43-46 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Evidence for a surface self-cleaning sputtering mechanism in fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry involving significant sputtering from the bulk of the glycerol matrix has been obtained from (a) the time dependence of sample ion abundances and chemical noise for bioorganic compounds, (b) determinations of the sputtering volume in glycerol solution, and (c) studies of in situ chemical and biochemical reactions. The relevance of these results for optimal sample/matrix preparation in analytical applications is pointed out.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high bladder toxicity of the alkylating oxazaphosphorine anticancer drugs, cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide is effectively reduced by the concomitant administration of mesna (sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulphonate). The formation and rapid urinary excretion of conjugates of the activated (4-hydroxylated) oxazaphosphorine metabolites with mesna has been suggested as the pharmacological basis for the selective detoxification, but separation and identification of such metabolites in vivo have been extremely difficult due to their high polarity and chemical lability. In this study an ion-pair extraction procedure in combination with positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry has been developed which enabled the identification and quantification of the conjugation products of activated oxazaphosphorine metabolites with mesna in urine. The conjugates extracted as the tetra-n-butylammonium salts are directly identified by their characteristic positive molecular ion adducts and fragment ions, and the corresponding abundant molecular anions. The pattern of molecular and fragment ion formation was established by comparison of the fast atom bombardment mass spectra of synthetic cyclophosphamidemesna conjugates with various organic and inorganic counter ions. The ifosfamide-4-(2-thioethylsulphonate) (ifosfamide-mesna) conjugate was identified as a metabolite in the urine of rats, and in patients after administration of the combination, ifosfamide + mesna. By means of a two-step extraction and with the use of suitable analogues as internal standards, procedures for the quantification of parent oxazaphosphorine and of oxazaphosphorine-mesna conjugates by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry have been developed, and first examples for the determination of excretion kinetics are described.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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