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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 51 (1979), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; epinephrine ; lipolysis ; glucose metabolism ; fat cell ; adipose tissue ; plasma NEFA ; KK ; yellow KK ; C57BL ; diabetes ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adipose tissue of KK mice was less sensitive to insulin in its stimulatory action on glucose oxidation or its inhibitory action on lipolysis, and to epinephrine in its stimulatory action on lipolysis as compared to that of C57BL mice. A lack of appreciable increase in plasma NEFA in response to fasting of the KK mice might be caused by the impaired response of lipolysis to the hormones. — Adipose tissue of KK mice was also less sensitive to insulin-like action of concanavalin A, ouabaine or omission of K+ in the medium on glucose oxidation or lipolysis. Lipolysis in response to theophylline and/or DcAMP was less marked in the tissue of KK mice. The mean diameter of the adipocytes was larger in KK than in C57BL mice. In the experiments using adipocytes with the same diameter, however, the cells of KK mice were less sensitive to the hormones than those of C57BL. — With respect to tissue sensitivity to the hormones, the mean diameter of adipocytes and the response of plasma NEFA to fasting, the F1-hybrid mice of KK and C57BL showed values between those of the parental strains. Yellow hybrid (genetically obese F1-hybrid) mice showed higher sensitivity to insulin in the adipose tissue, more remarkable response of plasma NEFA to fasting as compared with KK mice, although hypertrophy of adipocytes was more pronounced in the yellow hybrid mice. — These findings suggest that insulin insensitivity is associated with epinephrine insensitivity in adipocytes of KK mice; both appear to be subjected to genetic factor(s)per se rather than hypertrophy of the adipocytes. Furthermore, insensitivity to both hormones in the KK mice appears to be caused by a common defect in cellular process other than the hormone receptor systems. These genetically determined abnormalities of adipocytes may result in fat-storage metabolism through hyperinsulinemia; this is very similar to the metabolic profile due to thrifty genotype in human diabetes as proposed by Neel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 8 (1972), S. 391-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Goldthioglucose obesity ; Hyperglycemia ; Hyperinsulinemia ; Pancreatic islet ; KK mice ; Strain difference ; Resistance to insulin ; Epididymal adipose tissue ; Glucose oxidation ; Lipogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de l'obésité due à l'aurothioglucose (GTG) sur le développement du diabète a été étudié chez des souris génétiquement diabétiques (KK) et chez des souris normales (ICR et C57BL). L'obésité due à l'aurothioglucose accentuait les symptômes diabétiques chez les souris KK et transformait leur diabète chimique en diabète manifeste, comme cela a été déjà démontré dans l'obésité provoquée soit par le régime, soit par des moyens génétiques. L'obésité due à l'aurothioglucose provoquait également chez les souris ICR des altérations diabétiques qui se manifestaient par l'hyperglycémie, la glycosurie, l'hyperinsulinémie et une sensibilité diminuée envers l'insuline. L'oxydation du glucose in vitro était également diminuée de moitiéenviron par rapport aux animaux non traités, et était moins sensible à l'addition d'insuline dans le tissu adipeux épididymaire de souris ICR rendues obèses par l'aurothiglucose. Une hypertrophie des îlots pancréatiques associée à une dégranulation des cellules bêta a été également constatée chez les souris obèses. Par contre, on n'a pas constaté d'hyperglycémie ni de glycosurie chez les souris C57BL obèses par l'aurothioglucose, bien que les autres altérations diabétiques observées chez les souris ICR obèses par l'aurothioglucose aient été provoquées, mais seulement à un moindre degré. Ces résultats indiquent que les souris héritent de leur propre potentiel diabétique, et apportent des preuves expérimentales supplémentaires à l'idée que l'obésité accélère le développement du diabète.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Einwirkung der durch Goldthioglucose induzierten Fettsucht auf die Entwicklung des Diabetes wurde bei hereditär diabetischen (KK) und normalen (ICR und C57BL) Mäusen untersucht. Die Fettsucht, welche durch eine Goldthioglucoseinjektion erzielt wurde, verschlimmerte die diabetische Stoffwechsellage bei den KK-Mäusen vom latenten Diabetes zum „manifesten“ Diabetes, wie dies schon bei der durch diatetische oder genetische Veränderungen erzeugten Fettsucht gezeigt wurde. ICR Mäuse mit Fettsucht durch Goldthioglucose entwickelten die typischen Symptome von Diabetes mellitus, wie Hyperglykämie, Glucosurie, Hyperinsulinämie, Degranulation der B-Zellen in den Inseln des Pancreas eine geringere Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Insulin bei der Glucoseoxidation des Fettgewebein vitro. Eine Fettsucht wurde auch bei den C57BL Mäusen nach Goldthioglucose Injektion entwickelt, aber weder Hyperglykämie noch Glucosurie wurden erzeugt, trotzdem entwickelten sich eine schlechte Glucosetoleranz, und eine Hyperinsulinämie mit geringgradigeren histologischen sowie biochemischen Veränderungen als bei den KK und ICR Mäusen. Die vorliegenden Resultate, die bei den drei Mäusestämmen mit verschiedenen genetischen Anlagen zum Diabetes beobachtet wurden, unterstützen das Konzept, daß die Fettsucht die Entwicklung von diabetischen Symptomen beschleunigt.
    Notes: Summary The effect of goldthioglucose (GTG) obesity on development of diabetes was investigated in genetically diabetic (KK) and normal (ICR and C57BL) mice. GTG obesity intensified diabetic traits in KK mice from chemical diabetes to overt diabetes, as was already demonstrated in obesity induced by either dietary or genetical means. GTG obesity caused diabetic changes likewise in ICR mice as manifested by hyperglycemia, glucosuria, hyperinsulinemia, and depressed insulin sensitivity. In vitro glucose oxidation was also decreased to about half of the untreated controls and became less sensitive to added insulin in the epididymal adipose tissue from GTG-obese ICR mice. Hypertrophy of pancreatic islets associated with degranulation of B cells was also recognized in the obese mice. By contrast, either hyperglycemia or glucosuria did not develop in GTG-obese C57BL mice, although the other diabetic changes observed in GTG-obese ICR mice were induced but only in lesser extents. These results indicate that mice inherit their own diabetic potentials and add further experimental evidence for the concept that obesity accelerates the development of diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 9 (1973), S. 413-421 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; obese rats ; ultrastructure ; obesity ; insulin ; B cell ; hyperlipaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic observations were performed on pancreatic islets from genetically obese rats, (Zucker, “fatty”), from 5 to 52 weeks of age. At 5 weeks of age, islets were moderately hypertrophied. After that age, hypertrophy of islets became more prominent, until 24 weeks of age, with accompanying degranulation of B cells. The plasma insulin level also continued to increase during this period, but the glucose level was normal. Degranulated B cells contained a highly developed Golgi complex, numerous vesiculated, granular, endoplasmic reticulum and a small number of secretory granules, but no glycogen deposits. Emiocytosis and microtubule formation were very remarkable with these B cells. Frequently, mixed or intermediate cells, such as exocrine-endocrine or ductural-endocrine cell, were observed in pancreas with hypertrophied islets. At 52 weeks of age, both the plasma insulin and triglyceride levels decreased. In the pancreas, there were observed proliferation of fibrous tissue and well granulated B cells in hypertrophied islets. Hence, in fatty rats, pancreatic islets were in an active state during the period of development of obesity and hyperlipaemia (from 5 to 24 weeks of age). These correlates of obesity and hyperinsulinism disappeared at 52 weeks of age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Sudanophilic leukodystrophy ; van Bogaert and Nyssen's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two autopsy cases of siblings with the adult pigment (Peiffer) type of sudanophilic leukodystrophy (SLD), which demonstrated the full-blown stage (case 1) and early stage (case 2) of demyelination, were examined. Numerous brown pigments deposited in demyelinated cerebral areas were characterized histochemically and ultrastructurally as lipofuscin and ceroid. Under the electron microscope formation of blebs due to myelin splitting associated with deposition of multilamellar myeloid bodies within them was a prominent feature in the demyelinated cerebral areas of case 2 as compared with case 1. However, various features of myelin degradation such as thinning, partial or complete circumferential myelin loss, and deposition of electron-dense material on the interperiodic lines were found in both cases. Blebs occurred in all layers of myelin, and axons were compressed by these blebs or the hydropically swollen inner lips of oligodendroglias. Oligodendroglias were relatively well preserved in the demyelinated and nondemyelinated areas in case 2, although the cytoplasm was hydropic. Many spheroids were present in demyelinated areas and were irregularly distributed in both cases. The peripheral nerves in case 1 presented essentially the same changes as those in the brain, although those in case 2 were not affected. Morphometrically, the results showed that hypomyelination was not the mechanism for this pigment type of SLD. One possible cause may be an accelerated ageing of the metabolic process of myelin turnover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: 5-Fluorouracil ; Monofluoroacetic acid ; α-Fluoro-β-alanine ; Neurotoxicity ; Vacuolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two metabolites of 5-fluorouracil (FU), monofluoroacetic acid (FA) and α-fluoro-β-alanine (FBAL), were continuously administered into the left ventricle of the brain in cats for up to 1 month to investigate the mechanissm of neurotoxicity of FU and its derivatives. The cumulative doses of FU and FBAL over a 1-month period were 1.5–45 mg (20 cats) and 0.2–4.8 mg (21 cats), respectively. As controls for each experimental group, acetic acid (AA) and β-alanine (BAL) were administered. In terms of survival time in relation to the cumulative dose and molecular weight, FBAL was more toxic than FA. Neuropathologically, two types of change, vacuoles and necrosis/softening-like change, were found. The vacuoles were 20–50 μm in diameter, and distributed mainly in the cerebellar nuclei, white matter and the tectum and tegmentum of the brain stem in both experimental groups. Electron microscopically, these vacuoles were due to splitting of the myelin intraperiod line or separation between the axon and the innermost layer of myelin. Necrosis/softening-like change occurred preferentially in the FBAL group and was located symmetrically in the superior and inferior colliculi, oculomotor nuclei and thalamus. Both types of neuropathological change, especially those in the FBAL group, were similar to those found in cats orally administered with FU and its derivatives. It was, therefore, concluded that the subacute and chronic neurotoxicity of FU and its derivatives in dogs and cats is due to intoxication with the monofluorinated organic metabolites, FA and FBAL, and that the direct action of FA and FBAL on myelin and the action of FBAL on energy metabolism or vessels of the mid brain were proposed as the main pathogenetic factor involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Fetal carbon monoxide intoxication ; Pregnancy ; Fetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pathogenesis of fetal brain damage caused by acute maternal carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication was experimentally investigated in cats; 11 pregnant cats in various gestational stages were exposed to 0.2–0.3% CO/air gas for 76–150 min; thereafter, 29 live and stillborn neonates and 14 fetuses removed by cesarian section were observed pathologically. In the full-term or late-gestational-stage fetuses and neonates, the most vulnerable areas were the cerebral white matter and brain stem, followed by the basal ganglia and thalamus, and then the cerebral cortex. No changes were found in the cerebellum. From the distribution and nature of the brain changes, a hypoxic-ischemic mechanism was proposed as the pathogenesis of fetal brain damage. In the fetuses or neonates in middle and early gestational stages, the frequency and severity of the brain changes were generally lower than in those in the late gestational stage, and the cerebral white matter and basal ganglia were most often involved, but the thalamus, brain stem and the cerebral cortex were spared. The severity and extent of the brain changes were not the same among all littermates, but varied from normal to severely damaged animals. Among the maternal physiological factors measured during the CO exposure, only the severity of acidosis was correlated with the grade of fetal brain damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 72 (1987), S. 389-393 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Regional cerebral blood flow ; Carbon monoxide ; Acute carbon monoxide poisoning ; Selective vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mechanism of selective vulnerability of the cerebral white matter and pallidum in acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning was experimentally investigated by measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with the iodo-[14C]antipyrine method. A CO group consisting of five cats was exposed to 0.2%–0.3% CO gas and the rCBF was measured when moderate systemic hypotension (70–80 mm Hg) occurred; because systemic hypotension of this level during exposing to 0.2%–0.3% CO gas induces typical cerebral lesions of acute CO poisoning in almost all cats [Okeda et al. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 54:1–10 (1981)]. Controls were a hypotension group of three cats with moderate systemic hypotension induced for 1 h without CO exposure, and a control group of five cats which inhaled only air for 2 h. The rCBF of each structure in the CO and hypotension groups was evaluated as a percentage of that of the control group. The rCBF of the CO group exhibited a wide range (68%–127%) according to the structures examined, and the mean (94.6%) was large compared with that (range: 53%–82%, mean: 67.4%) of the hypotension group. In the CO group, the examined brain structures where divided in two group according to the rCBF values; low-value structures and high-value structures. There was significant (P〈0.05) difference between rCBFs of both the structure groups. The cerebral white matter and pallidum belonged to low-value structures, and these rCBFs did not show any significant difference from those of other structures in this structure group. The rCBF of the cerebral white matter was significantly lower than that of the cerebellar white matter. From these findings and our previous observations using the hydrogen clearance and rheological methods, the mechanism of the selective vulnerability of the pallidum and cerebral white matter in acute CO poisoning is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 35 (1979), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two-terminal electronic circuit neuron model is described. The model has time-variant voltagecurrent characteristics of an excitable membrane. Corresponding equivalent circuit is shown by the use of time-invariant elements as a voltage-controlled oscillator. The design principle of the model is outlined. Two application examples are demonstrated: (1) Simulator of the excitable membrane for the investigation of a voltage-clamp instrument, which works in the low current and low voltage region. (2) Circuit model for an electric organ of a weakly electric fish, Apteronotus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Lymphocyte ; Phosphorylase kinase activity ; Liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency ; Sex-linked form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lymphocyte phosphorylase kinase activities were measured in normal controls and in patients with the sex-linked form of liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency. The reaction due to phosphorylase kinase activity in normal lymphocytes (2.7×106 in the reaction tube) was found to be linear within 20–60 min at 30° C. The reaction was directly proportional to the concentration of lymphocytes within 1.5×106–9.0×106, at 30° C for 60 min. The phosphorylase kinase activity in normal lymphocytes, which were pre-incubated at 50° C or 95° C for 1 min, decreased to 60% at 50° C and 10% at 95° C of that after pre-incubation at 0° C for 1 min. The activity of normal controls was 125±23.5 U/1010 lymphocytes. Those of the patients with liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency due to the sex-linked form were 43.5 U in case 1, 54.5 U in case 2, and 51.3 U in case 3, respectively and those of the mothers were within the normal range. These results suggest that phosphorylase kinase in lymphocytes might be form intermediate between liver and muscle phosphorylase kinase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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