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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Mukoziliäre Klärfunktion ; Wärme- und Feuchtigkeitsaustauscher ; Befeuchtung ; Beatmungsfilter ; Filter ; Narkose ; Beatmung ; Key words Mucociliary clearance ; Heat and moisture exchanger ; HME ; Humidity ; Filter ; Semiclosed breathing system ; Artificial instrumentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The administration of dry anaesthetic gases for ventilation leads to morphological changes of the tracheobronchial epithelium that may cause postoperative pulmonary complications. Therefore, additional humidification with a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) is suggested for ventilation during anaesthesia, particularly when using semi-open breathing systems. Recommendations concerning the use of a HME in the semi-closed system are controversial. There are no data in the literature as to whether a HME improves mucociliary transport under these conditions. We therefore studied bronchial mucus transport velocity (BTV) with and without the use of a HME in the semi-closed circle system in humans. Patients and methods. The study was approved by the ethics committee of our hospital. In a prospective, randomised trial a total of 22 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were investigated. In all patients anaesthesia was induced and maintained with midazolam, fentanyl, and vecuronium. After intubation, a HME (BACT/VIRAL HME, Pharma Systems AB, Sweden) was inserted between the endotracheal tube and ventilation tubing in 11 patients; the other 11 were ventilated without a HME and served as controls. Ventilation was assisted with a fresh gas flow of 3 l in a semi-closed system (Dräger Sulla 808 V with an 8 ISO circle system and Ventilog 2 ventilator, Drägerwerk AG, Germany) and a 2:1 mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen. The fresh gas passed through the soda lime canister. At the end of the operation BTV was measured with a small volume of albumin microspheres labeled with technetium Tc99m, which was deposited on the dorsal surface at the lower ends of the right and left main bronchi via a catheter placed in the inner channel of a fibre-optic bronchoscope [16]. Results. The two groups were comparable with regard to age, sex, preoperative lung function, duration of mechanical ventilation, and dose of anaesthetics (Table 1). There were no statistically significant differences in the BTVs (Fig. 1). Discussion. BTV does not improve with the use of a HME in the semi-closed circle system with a fresh gas flow of 3 l. With modern anaesthesia machines lower fresh gas flows should be administered, whereby the humidity and temperature of the inspired gases are further increased.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer prospektiven randomisierten Studie wurde der Einfluß eines Wärme- und Feuchtigkeitsaustauschers (HME) auf die bronchiale Schleimtransportgeschwindigkeit während einer Narkosebeatmung im halbgeschlossenen Kreissystem untersucht. Bei 11 Patienten wurde sofort nach erfolgter Intubation ein HME (BACT/VIRAL HME, Pharma Systems AB, Schweden) zwischen Tubus und Beatmungsschläuchen plaziert, bei anderen 11 Patienten wurden die Beatmungsschläuche direkt am Tubus angeschlossen. Nach einer mehrstündigen Narkosebeatmung wurde die bronchiale Schleimtransportgeschwindigkeit (BTG) bestimmt. Zur Bestimmung der BTG wurden zwei MBq Technetium-99 makroaggregiertes Albumin auf die Schleimhautoberfläche der distalen Hauptbronchien mittels Fiberbronchoskopie appliziert und die Wanderungsgeschwindigkeit mit einer Gammakamera erfaßt. Die BTG war in der Filtergruppe sowohl im linken als auch im rechten Hauptbronchus gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe tendenziell höher (Medianwerte links 6,8 versus 5,8 mm/min; rechts 7,5 versus 6,4 mm/min), ein statistisch signikanter Unterschied ließ sich jedoch nicht nachweisen. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, daß bei einer Narkosebeatmung im halbgeschlossenen System mit einer Frischgaseinleitung vor dem Atemkalk und einem Frischgasfluß von 3 l/min die bronchiale Schleimtransportgeschwindigkeit durch einen HME nicht verbessert wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Septic shock ; Nitric oxide ; Prostacyclin ; Gastric intramucosal pH ; PCO2 gap ; Splanchnic oxygenation ; Indocyanine-green extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives To compare the effects of inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized prostacyclin (PGI2) on hemodynamics and gas exchange as well as on the indocyanine-green plasma disappearance rate and gastric intramucosal pH in patients with septic shock. Design Prospective, randomized, interventional clinical study. Setting Intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients Sixteen patients with pulmonary hypertension and septic shock according to the criteria of the ACCP/SCCM consensus conference all requiring norepinephrine and/or epinephrine to maintain mean arterial blood pressure above 65 mmHg. Methods and interventions Patients were randomly assigned to receive either nitric oxide or aerosolized prostacyclin. Nitric oxide was inhaled using a commercially available delivery system, prostacyclin was administered with a modified ultrasound nebulizer. Both nitric oxide and prostacyclin were incrementally adjusted to obtain a 15% decrease of mean pulmonary artery pressure. Hemodynamics and gas exchange as well as indocyaninegreen plasma disappearance rate and gastric intramucosal pH were determined at baseline after 90 min in steady state, after 90 min of nitric oxide inhalation or prostacyclin aerosol administration had elapsed in stable conditions, and after 90 min in stable conditions after nitric oxide or prostacyclin with-drawal. Results Both inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized prostacyclin selectively reduced the mean pulmonary artery pressure from 35±4, 30±4 mmHg (p〈0.05) and 34±4 to 30±3 mmHg (p〈0.05) respectively; after removal of nitric oxide and prostacyclin, the mean pulmonary artery pressure returned to the baseline values. Systemic hemodynamics remained unaltered during the vasodilator treatment. While the mean PaO2 was not significantly influenced, it increased in 4/8 of the NO- and 3/8 of the PGI2 — treated patients. Neither of the drugs influenced indocyanine-green plasma disappearance rate, but prostacyclin — unlike nitric oxide — significantly increased gastric intramucosal pH (from 7.26±0.07 to 7.30±0.05,p〈0.05) which remained elevated in four of these patients after prostacyclin removal, and decreased the arterial-gastric mucosal pressure of carbon dioxide gap from 19±6 to 15±4 mmHg (p〈0.05). Conclusions Our data suggest that aerosolized prostacyclin — unlike nitric oxide — has similar beneficial effects on splanchnic perfusion and oxygenation as intravenous prostacyclin without detrimental effects on systemic hemodynamics. The different effects of prostacyclin and nitric oxide might be explained by the longer half-life of prostacyclin associated with a certain spillover into the systemic circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusions Unlike in healthy volunteers in patients with septic shock the hepatic metabolic response to adrenergic stimulation may not mirror the catecholamine-induced increase in splanchnic blood flow. Given the high O2 cost of hepatic gluconcogenesis, infusing dobutamine may potentially reduce hepatic energy requirements in these patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Septic shock ; Nitric oxide ; Prostacyclin ; Gastric intramucosal pH ; PCO2 gap ; Splanchnic oxygenation ; Indocyanine-green extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To compare the effects of inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized prostacyclin (PGI2) on hemodynamics and gas exchange as well as on the indocyanine-green plasma disappearance rate and gastric intramucosal pH in patients with septic shock. Design: Prospective, randomized, interventional clinical study. Setting: Intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients: Sixteen patients with pulmonary hypertension and septic shock according to the criteria of the ACCP/SCCM consensus conference all requiring norepinephrine and/or epinephrine to maintain mean arterial blood pressure above 65 mmHg. Methods and interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either nitric oxide or aerosolized prostacyclin. Nitric oxide was inhaled using a commercially available delivery system, prostacyclin was administered with a modified ultrasound nebulizer. Both nitric oxide and prostacyclin were incrementally adjusted to obtain a 15% decrease of mean pulmonary artery pressure. Hemodynamics and gas exchange as well as indocyanine-green plasma disappearance rate and gastric intramucosal pH were determined at baseline after 90 min in steady state, after 90 min of nitric oxide inhalation or prostacyclin aerosol administration had elapsed in stable conditions, and after 90 min in stable conditions after nitric oxide or prostacyclin withdrawal. Results: Both inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized prostacyclin selectively reduced the mean pulmonary artery pressure from 35±4, 30±4 mmHg (p〈0.05) and 34±4 to 30±3 mmHg (p〈0.05) respectively; after removal of nitric oxide and prostacyclin, the mean pulmonary artery pressure returned to the baseline values. Systemic hemodynamics remained unaltered during the vasodilator treatment. While the mean PaO2 was not significantly influenced, it increased in 4/8 of the NO- and 3/8 of the PGI2– treated patients. Neither of the drugs influenced indocyanine-green plasma disappearance rate, but prostacyclin – unlike nitric oxide – significantly increased gastric intramucosal pH (from 7.26±0.07 to 7.30±0.05, p〈0.05) which remained elevated in four of these patients after prostacyclin removal, and decreased the arterial-gastric mucosal pressure of carbon dioxide gap from 19±6 to 15±4 mmHg (p〈0.05). Conclusions: Our data suggest that aerosolized prostacyclin – unlike nitric oxide – has similar beneficial effects on splanchnic perfusion and oxygenation as intravenous prostacyclin without detrimental effects on systemic hemodynamics. The different effects of prostacyclin and nitric oxide might be explained by the longer half-life of prostacyclin associated with a certain spillover into the systemic circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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