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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 12 (1976), S. 23-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Duck ; glucose-glucagon feedback mechanism ; glucagon ; insulin ; glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between insulin and the glucose-glucagon feedback mechanism was studied by testing the effectiveness of various routes, doses and timing of insulin administration prior to and during a glucose tolerance test in Peking ducks made transiently diabetic by subtotal pancreatectomy. Insulin injections or infusions given either before, or only during the glucose load, did not restore the A-cell response to glucose. Yet, if given both before and during the glucose test, in conditions which mimic the physiological basal insulin level and its variations (with, initially, intramuscular injections of 0.2 IU/kg and 8 μg/kg glucagon, every six hours, and then an intravenous injection of 3.6 mU/kg plus an infusion of 0.9 mU/kg/ minute for one hour), the normal glucagon response to glucose was re-established. Insulin must therefore be present, both before and during glucose stimulation, for glucose to be effective as an A-cell suppressor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 18 (1980), S. 319-322 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Duck ; somatostatin ; glucagon-like immunoreactivity ; insulin growth hormone ; glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In normal fasting ducks, a somatostatin infusion (800 ng/kg/min for 30 min) elicited a prompt inhibition of insulin secretion, plasma levels falling from 140±20 to 20±6 pg Eq/ml as observed in mammals. — However plasma glucagon-like-immunoreactivity shown to be decreased in mammals by somatostatin was sharply increased from a mean basal level of 1.46±0.13 ng Eq/ml to 6.61±0.77 ng Eq/ml. This effect was not mediated via inhibition of growth hormone secretion since it was also observed in hypophysectomised ducks. Despite the fall in plasma insulin and rise in GLI observed with somatostatin infusion in intact birds, plasma glucose concentrations were lower than with control saline infusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucose ; insulin ; glucagon ; glucose metabolism ; A cell ; 2-deoxyglucose ; subtotal pancreatectomy ; ducks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A possible action of insulin via glucose metabolism on the pancreatic A cell response to glucose, was studied in ducks. 2-Deoxyglucose, a non-metabolizable analogue of glucose was used. In normal ducks, the hyperglycaemia induced by 2-deoxyglucose (IV: 0.5 g/kg) resulted in hyperglucagonaemia, while the same degree of hyperglycaemia, induced by glucose infusion (IV injection 25 mg/kg, and infusion 5 mg/kg/min) immediately suppressed glucagon secretion. In diabetic ducks, two days after subtotal pancreatectomy, glucose responsiveness of the A cell was abolished, but could be restored by insulin treatment before (IM 0.2 U/kg insulin+8 μg/kg glucagon every 6 h) and during (IV 3.6 mU/kg+infusion 0.9 mU/kg/min) the glucose test (IV: 0.5 g /kg). The normal response of the A cell to glucose was not observed in diabetic insulin-treated ducks after the administration of 2-deoxyglucose (IV: 0.5 g/kg). These data suggest an inhibitory effect of the metabolism of glucose on the release of glucagon. In addition, the action of insulin on the A cell may be mediated by its effect on glucose metabolism within the A cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Radioimmunoassay of gluoagon ; glucagon secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Une méthode de dosage radioimmunologique du glucagon comportant une séparation de l'antigène marqué libre et de l'antigène marqué lié à l'anticorps par du charbon-dextran est décrite. Les réactions d'équilibre glucagon-131I ou-125I (0.060 ng) et anticorps (antisérum de lapin 1∶550, dilution finale 1∶6600) atteignent leur équilibre en 3 jours à 4 °C. L'emploi d'un inhibiteur des protéinases (Trasylol) empêche la dégradation de la fraction immunoreactive du glucagon pendant l'incubation. La sensibilité de la méthode (〈 à 0.020 ng) correspond à environ 0.100 ng/ml de plasma. La précision, la reproductibilité, la spécificité du dosage et quelques problèmes liés à la séparation par le charbon-dextran sont étudiés. La récupération du glucagon ajouté à du plasma est d'environ 90%. La concentration en glucagon dans le plasma veineux périphérique est en moyenne de 0.208 ng/ml chez l'homme normal à jeun, de 0.396 ng/ml chez le chien anesthésié à jeun, de 0.354 ng/ml chez le rat nourri et de 0.909 ng/ml chez le canard à jeun. La méthode de dosage proposée semble actuellement limitée à l'étude de la sécrétion du glucagon in vitro car l'antisérum que nous utilisons présente une réaction croisée avec une substance d'origine duodénale. L'importance de l'interférence de cette substance dans l'estimation des concentrations en glucagon du plasma reste cependant à déterminer.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine radioimmunologisohe Bestimmungsmethode für Glucagon unter Zuhilfenahme von Dextran-Holzkohle für die Trennung des freien und des antikörpergebundenen markierten Antigens wird beschrieben. Das Gleichgewicht zwischen mit 125I und 131I markiertem Glucagon (0.060 ng) und Antikörper (Kaninchen-Antiserum 1∶550 in einer Endverdünnung von 1∶6600) wird bei 4 °C in 3 Tagen erreicht. Der Zusatz eines Proteinasen-Hemmers (Trasylol) verhindert den Abbau der immunreaktiven Fraktion des Glucagons während der Inkubation. Die Empfindlichkeit der Methode erreicht etwa 0.100 ng/ml Plasma. Die Genauigkeit, die Reproduzierbarkeit, die Spezifität und einige Probleme, die bei der Trennung durch Dextran-Holzkohle auftauchen, werden untersucht. Die Wiederauffindungsquote für dem Plasma zugesetztes Gluoagon betrug ca. 90%. Die mittlere Glucagon-Konzentration im peripheren venösen Plasma bei fastenden Normalpersonen lag bei 0.208 ng/ml, beim fastenden anaesthesierten Hund bei 0.396 ng/ml, bei 0.354 ng/ml für die gefütterte Ratte und bei 0.909 ng/ml bei fastenden Enten. Die vorgeschlagene Bestimmungsmethode scheint nur für Untersuchungen über die in vitro Sektretion von Glucagon brauchbar zu sein, da das von uns verwandte Antiserum eine Kreuzreaktion mit einer aus dem Duodenum stammenden Substanz zeigt. Wie stark dieser Stoff die Messung von Glucagon-Konzentrationen im Plasma stört, bleibt noch festzustellen.
    Notes: Summary A dextran-coated charcoal radioimmunoassay of glucagon is described. Antigen (131 or 125I-glucagon, 0.060 ng) — antibody (rabbit antiserum 1∶550, final dilution 1∶6600) reactions reached equilibrium within 3 days at 4 °C. The use of a proteinase inhibitor (Trasylol) prevented incubation damage of the immunoreactive glucagon. The sensitivity of the assay (〈 to 0.020 ng) corresponds to about 0.100 ng/ml of plasma. The precision, the reproducibility, the specificity of the assay and some problems related to the dextran-charcoal separation have been studied. Recovery of glucagon added to plasma was approximatively 90%. The mean gluoagon concentration measured in peripheral venous plasma was 0.208 ng/ml in normal human subjects after an overnight fast, 0.396 ng/ml in anaesthetized dogs after an overnight fast, 0.354 ng/ml in fed rats and 0.909 ng/ml in the overnightfasted duck. Up to now, the use of the assay seems to be restricted to studies of glucagon secretion in vitro since our antiserum cross-reacts with a material extracted from the duodenum. The relative contribution of this material in the plasma glucagon determinations remains, however, to be established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'≪insulinémie apparente≫ a été estimée dans des serums de rats ou des mélanges d'insuline et d'adrénaline par les méthodes du diaphragme et du tissu adipeux de rat. Chez le rat, l'autogreffe ou l'énucléation de la surrénale augmentent l'≪insulinémie apparente≫, alors que l'adjonction d'adrénaline à un sérum normal la diminue. L'adrénaline, à concentrations physiologiques, n'agit pas en antagoniste, mais en inhibiteur de l'insuline. Enfin, l'augmentation de l'≪insulinémie apparente≫ consécutive à la dilution du sérum semble être due, à la fois, à la dilution des substances antagonistes et inhibitrices, en particulier de l'adrénaline, et à la libération d'une fraction insulinique normalement masquée dans le sérum entier.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die insulinähnliche Aktivität von Rattenserum und Insulin-Adrenalin-Mischungen wurde mit der Zwerchfell- sowie mit der Fettgewebs-Methode gemessen und in μE/ml ausgedrückt. Demedullation oder Transplantation der Nebenniere bei der Ratte steigert die insulinähnliche Aktivität, die Zugabe von Adrenalin zum Normalserum dagegen vermindert sie. In physiologischen Konzentrationen wirkt Adrenalin nicht als Antagonist, sondern als Inhibitor des Insulins, da Adrenalin in Abwesenheit des Insulins ohne Effekt auf das Zwerchfell und auf das Fettgewebe ist. Die durch Verdünnen des Serums auftretende Steigerung der insulinähnlichen Aktivität scheint zwei Ursachen zu haben: Die Verdännung der hemmenden Substanzen (Adrenalin) und die Freisetzung einer im unverdünnten Serum unwirksamen Insulinfraktion.
    Notes: Summary The insulin-like activity (ILA) of rat serum and of insulin-adrenaline mixtures was estimated by both rat diaphragm and rat adipose tissue methods and expressed in μ units/ml. The ILA of the rat serum strikingly increases after demedullation or transplantation of the adrenal gland; the addition of adrenaline to normal rat serum decreases its ILA. In “in vitro” experiments, it was found that adrenaline exhibits an inhibitory but not antagonistic effect upon insulin activity, i.e. that adrenaline has no action upon muscle or adipose tissue in the absence of insulin. Finally the rise of the ILA provoked by dilution of rat serum seems to be due to the dilution of inhibitory substances (such as adrenaline) and to the liberation of an insulin fraction which is masked in the whole serum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 14 (1978), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Duck ; adipose tissue ; FFA release ; glucagon ; insulin ; glucose uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken to determine how free fatty acid (FFA) release by adipose tissue can occur in the absence of pancreatic glucagon, the most potent lipolytic hormone in the duck. Two possible explanations have successively been investigated. Replacement therapy experiments showed that glucose uptake was implicated in the phenomenon; indeed, when pre-operative insulin and glucose levels were restored after total pancreatectomy, plasma FFA progressively fell to a level significantly lower than the pre-operative value. The same effect was observed when the ducks were kept in a continuous state of hyperglycaemia, whereas “normal” levels of insulin or glucose alone were shown to be ineffective. On the other hand a compensatory mechanism for the lack of glucagon, by other lipolytic agents [with the intestine or the anterior pituitary as possible sources] has been excluded by associating the removal of these two organs with pancreatectomy. These experiments suggest that the lack of pancreatic glucagon induced by total pancreatectomy is essentially masked by a failure in glucose uptake due to the operation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucose ; insulin ; glucagon ; glucose metabolism ; A cell ; 2-deoxyglucose ; subtotal pancreatectomy ; ducks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A possible action of insulin via glucose metabolism on the pancreatic A cell response to glucose, was studied in ducks. 2-Deoxyglucose, a non metabolizable analogue of glucose was used. In normal ducks, the hyperglycaemia induced by 2-deoxyglucose (IV: 0.5g/kg) resulted in hyper glucagonaemia, while the same degree of hyper glycaemia, induced by glucose infusion (IV injection 25 mg/kg, and infusion 5 mg/kg/min) immediately suppressed glucagon secretion. In diabetic ducks, two days after subtotal pancreatectomy, glucose responsiveness of the A cell was abolished, but could be restored by insulin treatment before (IM 0.2 U/kg insulin + 8 μg/kg glucagon every 6 h) and during (IV 3.6 mU/kg + infusion 0.9 mU/kg/min) the glucose test (IV: 0.5 g /kg). The normal response of the A cell to glucose was not observed in diabetic insulintreated ducks after the administration of 2-deoxyglucose (IV: 0.5 g/kg). These data suggest an inhibitory effect of the metabolism of glucose on the release of glucagon. In addition, the action of insulin on the A cell may be mediated by its effect on glucose metabolism within the A cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 32 (1971), S. 2639-2643 
    ISSN: 0022-3697
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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