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  • 1
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Sentinel lymph nodes ; Frozen section ; Macrometastases ; Micrometastases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Routine intraoperative frozen section (FS) of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) can detect metastatic disease, allowing immediate axillary dissection and avoiding the need for reoperation. Routine FS is also costly, increases operative time, and is subject to false-negative results. We examined the benefit of routine intraoperative FS among the first 1000 patients at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center who had SLN biopsy for breast cancer. Methods: We performed SLN biopsy with intraoperative FS in 890 consecutive breast cancer patients, none of whom had a back-up axillary dissection planned in advance. Serial sections and immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratins were performed on all SLN that proved negative on FS. The sensitivity of FS was determined as a function of (1) tumor size and (2) volume of metastatic disease in the SLN, and the benefit of FS was defined as the avoidance of a reoperative axillary dissection. Results: The sensitivity of FS ranged from 40% for patients with T1a to 76% for patients with T2 cancers. The volume of SLN metastasis was highly correlated with tumor size, and FS was far more effective in detecting macrometastatic disease (sensitivity 92%) than micrometastases (sensitivity 17%). The benefit of FS in avoiding reoperative axillary dissection ranged from 4% for T1a (6 of 143) to 38% for T2 (45 of 119) cancers. Conclusions: In breast cancer patients having SLN biopsy, the failure of routine intraoperative FS is largely the failure to detect micrometastatic disease. The benefit of routine intraoperative FS increases with tumor size. Routine FS may not be indicated in patients with the smallest invasive cancers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Prophylactic mastectomy ; Contralateral breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Patients with a history of carcinoma of one breast have an estimated risk of 0.5% to 0.75% per year of developing a contralateral breast cancer. This risk prompts many women to consider contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) as a preventive measure. Virtually nothing is known about patient acceptance following CPM. We have developed a National Prophylactic Mastectomy Registry comprised of a volunteer population of 817 women from 43 states who have undergone prophylactic (unilateral or bilateral) mastectomy. Methods: Of the 346 women with CPM who responded to national notices, 296 women returned detailed questionnaires. The information obtained included patient demographics, family history, reproductive history, ipsilateral breast cancer staging and treatment, as well as issues involving the CPM. Results: At median follow-up of 4.9 years, the respondents were primarily married (79%), white (97%) women who had some level of college education or above (81%). These women cited the following reasons for choosing CPM: (1) physician advice regarding the high risk of developing contralateral breast cancer (30%); (2) fear of developing more breast cancer (14%); (3) desire for cosmetic symmetry (10%); (4) family history (7%); (5) fibrocystic breast disease (4%); (6) a combination of all of these reasons (32%); (7) other (2%); and (8) unknown (1%). Eighteen of the 296 women (6%) expressed regrets regarding their decision to undergo CPM. Unlike women with bilateral prophylactic mastectomies, regrets tended to be less common in the women with whom the discussion of CPM had been initiated by their physician (5%) than in the women who had initiated the discussion themselves (8%) (P = ns). Family history and stage of index lesion had no impact on regret status. The reasons for regret included: (1) poor cosmetic result, either of the CPM or of the reconstruction (39%); (2) diminished sense of sexuality (22%); (3) lack of education regarding alternative surveillance methods or CPM efficacy (22%); and (4) other reasons (17%). Conclusions: To minimize the risk of regrets in women contemplating CPM, it is imperative that these women be counseled regarding an estimation of contralateral breast cancer risk, the alternatives to CPM, and the efficacy of CPM. In addition, these women should have realistic expectations of the cosmetic outcomes of surgery and understand the potential impact on their body image.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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