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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 12 (1964), S. 158-161 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 96 (1974), S. 280-281 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 43 (1996), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Conopids ; Bombus ; body size ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The body size of the host insect in which a parasitoid develops can have important effects on its development and life history. Large and small host body size have both been suggested to be advantageous to parasitoids, depending on the life-history of the species concerned. We test field data on the bumblebeeBombus terrestris and its conopid parasitoids for evidence of differences in size between parasitised and unparasitised worker bees. Bees acting as hosts for conopid parasitoids are on average larger-bodied than unparasitised bees. This result holds for bees collected in two different years, and whether bees are collected while foraging or from the nest. The results we present demonstrate differential parasitism of hosts of different body sizes, but do not necessarily indicate active host choice by conopids. However, they are in agreement with independent evidence that conopids develop more successfully in large-than in small-bodied hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse aus einer Feldstudie zur Ökologie eines Wirt-Parasit Systems, bestehend aus mehreren Arten von parasitoiden Fliegen (Conopidae, Diptera) und ihren Hummel-Wirten (Bombini, Apoidea, Hymenoptera), werden dargestellt. Wirtstiere wurden systematisch in verschiedenen Untersuchungsgebieten über eine ganze Saison gesammelt und auf erfolgreiche Parasitierung, erkennbar am Puparium der endoparasitischen Fliege, geprüft. Parasitierung erfolgt vor allem in den Sommermonaten (Juli–September), wobei die beobachtete maximale Häufigkeit des Befalls 46.7% (für Arbeiterinnen) betrug. Durchschnittlich sind 13.2% aller Arbeiterinnen (Spannweite: 0–46,7%) und 7.1% aller Männchen (0–28.6%) befallen, d.h. enthielten ein Puparium wenn die Tiere nach ihrem Tod im Labor eröffnet wurden. Zwei Conopiden-Gattungen,Sicus (64% der Beobachtungen) undPhysocephala (36%) waren zu finden, wobei die letztere später im Jahr häufiger wird. Eine multivariate Analyse zeigte, dass Wirtsart, Geschlecht (Arbeiterin, Männchen) und Undersuchungsgebiet die wichtigsten Faktoren sind, welche die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Parasitierung beeinflussen. Im Durchschnitt waren Männchen weniger befallen als Arbeiterinnen. Das ausgeprägte saisonale Auftreten der Conopiden scheint in erster Linie für die Unterschiede im Befall zwischen Wirtsarten verantwortlich zu sein. So sind frühe Arten (z.B.B. pratorum) und früh fliegende Königinnen vonBombus undPsithyrus im Frühjahr kaum befallen. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit dem möglichen Einfluss der Conopiden auf die Ökologie und Evolution des Wirts diskutiert. Zusätzliche Beobachtungen über das Vorkommen weiterer wichtiger Endoparasiten (Sphaerularia bombi undSyntretus sp.) werden berichtet.
    Notes: Summary We present field data on the ecology of a host-parasite system, consisting of several species of parasitoid flies (Conopidae, Diptera) and their bumblebee hosts (Bombini, Apoidea, Hymenoptera). Host animals were systematically sampled from different study sites throughout a season and checked for successful infestation in the form of puparia of these endoparasitic flies. Such dissection of the bees revealed that infestation occurs primarily during the summer months (June to September), with an observed maximum frequency of parasitization of 46.7% in workers in one of our study sites. On average, 13.2% of all workers (range 0–46.7%) and 7.1% of all males (range 0–28.6%) contained the puparium of a conopid. Two conopid generaSicus (64% of cases) andPhysocephala (36%) accounted for the infestation, with the latter being more abundant later in the year. A multivariate analysis identified host species, sex (male or worker), and study area as the most important factors accounting for the observed variance in the probability of being parasitized during the summer months. On average, males were less affected than workers. The marked seasonal appearance of conopids seems to account for differences among species, in particular for low levels of infestation among species completing their life cycles early (e.g.B. pratorum) and among the early flying, hibernated quens ofBombus andPsithyrus species. The results are discussd with respect to the impact of conopids on host ecology and evolution. Additional observations on the occurrence of further endoparasites (Sphaerularia bombi andSyntretus sp.) are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 911-920 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes ; granules ; perforin ; gene targetting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The killing mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) represents an important mechanism in the immune defence against tumors and virus infections. The lytic mechanism has been proposed to consist of a polarized secretion of granule-stored molecules, occurring on effector-target cell contact. By electron microscopy, membrane deposited, pore-like lesions are detected on the target cell membrane during cytolysis by CTL. These structures resembled strikingly pores formed during complement attack. Granules of CTL isolated by nitrogen cavitation and Percoll gradient centrifugation were shown to retain cytotoxic activity. Further purification of proteins stored in these granules led to the discovery of a membranolytic protein named perforin which was capable of polymerizing into pore-like structures. In addition to this cytolytic protein, a set of serine esterases was found as well as lysosomal enzymes and proteoglycans, whose function are not yet clearly defined. The role of perforin in the cytotoxic process is currently being explored by ablating the active gene in mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Substrate oxidation ; glycogenolysis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Resting, post-absorptive endogenous glucose production (EGP), fractional gluconeogenesis and liver glycogen concentration were assessed in 6 lean and 5 obese non-diabetic subjects undergoing elective abdominal surgery. During the 2 days preceding these measurements, 0.3 g/day U-13C glucose had been added to their usual diet to label their endogenous glycogen stores. On the morning of day 3, EGP was measured with 6,6-2H glucose. Their endogenous 13C glycogen enrichment was calculated from 13CO2 and respiratory gas exchanges. Fractional gluconeogenesis was assessed as 1-(13C glucose/13C glycogen) · 100. EGP was similar in lean subjects (113 ± 5 mg/min) and in obese subjects (111 ± 6). Fractional gluconeogenesis was higher in obese (59 ± 10 %) than in lean subjects (29 ± 8 %). However, overall EGP remained constant due to a decrease in glycogenolysis. Since an increased gluconeogenesis and a decreased glycogenolysis may both contribute to increase liver glycogen concentration in obesity, hepatic glycogen concentrations were assessed in hepatic needle biopsies obtained during surgery. Hepatic glycogen concentrations were increased in obese patients (515 ± 38 mg/g protein) compared to lean subjects (308 ± 58, p 〈 0.05). It is concluded that in obese patients: a) fractional gluconeogenesis is increased; b) overall EGP is unchanged due to a proportional inhibition of glycogenolysis; c) liver glycogen concentration is increased. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 463–468]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Gastro-entero-endocrine cells ; Enteric nerve fibers ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Neuropeptide Y ; Insulin-like growth factor I ; Pancreastatin ; Neurotensin ; Substance P ; Gastrin ; Cholecystokinin ; Vasoactive intetinal polypeptide ; Serotonin ; Development ; Scophthalmus maximus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The ontogeny of endocrine cells and nerve fibers containing immunoreactivities for 12 regulatory peptides and serotonin was studied in the digestive tract of a flatfish, the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), using antisera specific for mammalian and teleostean hormones. Transient insulin-immunoreactive (-IR) endocrine cells were detected from day 5 to day 10 in stomach and intestine I. Somatostatin (SOM)-IR cells appeared at day 8 in the stomach anlage and intestine I. In contrast to the islet cells, they reacted with antisera against mammalian (m) SOM-14 and salmon (s) SOM-25. Infrequent nerve fibers reacting only with anti-mSOM-14 appeared around day 24. Thus, different forms of SOM seem to be present in the gastro-entero-pancreatic system and the enteric nervous system. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, salmon pancreatic polypeptide (sPP)- and mPP-immunoreactivities coexisted thoughout development. In entero-endocrine cells, NPY/PP-immunoreactivity was first observed at day 8 and around day 24 in enteric nerve fibers. Glucagon (GLUC)-IR entero-endocrine cells appeared at day 5. No coexistence of NPY/PP- and GLUC-immunoreactivities was observed. The first insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-IR cells were identified around day 8. They seemed to contain none of the other peptides. Their number and distribution exhibited great interindividual differences. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-IR entero-endocrine cells appeared as late as around day 24. The first VIP-IR nerve fibers, however, were identified at day 5. Infrequent neurotensin (NT)-IR cells appeared along the intestine around day 10 and NT-IR nerve fibers at day 17. The first serotonin (SER)-IR cells were observed in the stomach anlage around day 10 and SER-IR nerve fibers at day 15 thoughout the gastro-intestinal tract. Gastrin (GAS)/cholecystokinin (CCK)-IR cells appeared around day 11 in stomach and intestine I. The first substance P (SP)-IR enteric nerve fibers were detected around day 8 and SP-IR endocrine cells at day 11. Pancreastatin (PST)-IR cells were identified in the stomach anlage and intestine I around day 8 and contained NT-, GAS/CCK- and SER-immunoreactivities in coexistence. Thus, several developmental phases can be distinguished: (1) at the onset of exogenous feeding only transient INS-IR cells and VIP-IR nerve fibers are present; (2) a differentiated entero-endocrine system establishes during the early phase of exogenous feeding; (3) before the final differentiation of stomach and gut GAS/CCK-IR cells appear; (4) after metamorphosis most of the different types of regulatory peptide-containing nerve fibers develop, probably setting up the fine regulation of gastro-intestinal blood flow and motility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Alkoholismus – Alkoholentzugssyndrom – Kohlenhydrat-defizientes Transferrin (CDT) – Karzinompatienten ; Key words: Alcoholism – Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) – Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin (CDT) – Cancer patients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. The increase of alcoholism-related problems is associated with vital postoperative clinical complications in chronic alcohol abusers. In particular, the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) may provoke potentially life-threatening complications in alcohol-dependent patients. Hence, a precise diagnosis of alcohol dependence is mandatory preoperatively, requiring an extensive case history using alcoholism-associated questionnaires. Additional new biological markers for detecting alcoholism could improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) reflects increased alcohol consumption. The aim of our interdisciplinary study was to investigate whether the validity of the preoperative diagnosis of chronic alcohol abuse might be improved by measuring CDT. Methods. A total of 45 patients from the departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Maxillofacial Surgery, and Abdominal and Thoracic Surgery were included in our prospective clinical study. Patients underwent resection of malignant oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, or oesophageal tumours and were transferred to the intensive care unit for postoperative management. Routine preoperative history, examinations, and laboratory tests including GGT, MCV, ASAT, and ALAT, were supplemented by a specific alcohol-related questionnaire and CDT measurement. The patients were categorised in four groups based on history and the questionnaire: continuously abstinent subjects; sober subjects for at least 7 days; chronic abusers; and dependent subjects. CDT was separated by isocratic anion exchange chromatography and quantified by turbidimetric determination. Statistical analysis was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results. Preoperatively, 21 patients were at major risk for alcoholism-related complications: 12 were chronic abusers and 9 were diagnosed as dependent. CDT was significantly increased in both groups, and was pathologically elevated in 16 of the 21 patients. Sampling occurred significantly long after the last alcohol intake in the 5 patients with normal CDT values (median: 6.0 days; range: 2 – 12 days) compared with the 16 with pathologically elevated CDT levels (median: 1.0 day; range: 0 – 4 days; P=0.002). The sensitivity of CDT elevation was 16 out of 24 (76%), the specifity 16 out of 16 (100%). Sixteen patients had no previous history of alcohol consumption (sober for at least 7 days) and 8 were definitely abstinent. Both of these groups had normal CDT values. Conclusions. CDT was a sensitive and specific marker for chronic alcohol consumption in our patient population. Since CDT is a state marker, repeated determinations might be useful to estimate a patient's drinking habits. The combination of CDT and an alcohol-related questionnaire was reliable for detecting alcohol-dependent patients preoperatively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Alkoholkranke Patienten sind in der postoperativen Phase auf der Intensivstation durch die Dekompensation alkoholismusinduzierter Folgeerkrankungen vital bedroht. Vor allem das Alkoholentzugssyndrom (AES) provoziert interkurrente Komplikationen und prolongiert die intensivmedizinische Behandlungsphase. Zur präoperativen Evaluierung der Alkoholabhängigkeit stehen standardisierte, alkoholismusrelevante Anamneseverfahren und konventionelle klinisch-chemische Laborparameter, wobei diese häufig keine ausreichende Sensitivität und Spezifität besitzen. Unter den biologischen "State-Markern" zur Detektion des chronischen Abusus wird dem Kohlenhydrat-defizienten Transferrin (CDT) hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität zugeschrieben. Wir prüften bei 45 Patienten, die sich der Resektion maligner Tumoren des Oropharynx, Larynx oder Ösophagus unterzogen und anschließend auf der operativen Intensivstation weiterbehandelt wurden, ob CDT in der präoperativen Diagnostik chronischen Alkoholabusus detektieren kann. 21 Patienten wurden als Gruppe mit hohem Risiko für postoperative Alkoholismus-assoziierte Komplikationen identifiziert. Davon wurden 12 Patienten als chronische Abuser und 9 Patienten als abhängig eingestuft. CDT war bei den alkoholkranken Patienten in 16 von 21 Fällen pathologisch erhöht. Im Gegensatz dazu hatten alle Patienten, die dauerhaft abstinent (8 Patienten) oder länger als 7 Tage nüchtern waren (16 Patienten), normale CDT-Werte. CDT war bei unseren Patienten ein spezifischer und sensitiver Marker zur Detektion des chronischen Alkoholabusus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gamma-Hydroxybuttersäure ; Alkoholentzugssyndrom ; Intensivstation ; Halluzinationen ; Hypernatriämie ; Metabolische Alkalose ; Key words Gamma-hydroxybutyrate ; Alcohol withdrawal syndrome ; Intensive care unit ; Hallucinations ; Hypernatraemia ; Metabolic alkalosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Seeing as gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and benzodiazepines interact with the GABA-transmitter system, we investigated whether GHB can replace the conventional therapy, which uses benzodiazepines in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in ICU settings. Methods: 42 chronic alcoholics were included in this prospective and randomized study. Folllowing the development of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, the patients were randomly allocated to the GHB or to the flunitrazepam group. In addition to this, clonidine was administered in order to treat autonomic signs of withdrawal. In cases were hallucinations occurred, haloperidol was administered. Results: There was no significant difference in the efficacy of treatment used in the duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay between groups. The patients in the GHB-group required significantly higher dosages of haloperidol and significantly lower dosages of clonidine. 14 out of 21 patients from the GHB-group developed hypernatriaemia and 15 out of 21 developed a metabolic alkalosis. Conclusions: Symptoms of the autonomic nervous system were more effectively prevented by GHB as evident in the lower dosage requirement of clonidine. However, GHB may not sufficiently block the hyperactivity of the dopaminergic system or may have an hallucinogenic effect itself. This may be evident from the higher dosages of haloperidol which were necessary. Due to the latter fact, the administration of GHB cannot be recommended in all patients suffering from AWS in ICU settings.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gamma-Hydroxybuttersäure (GHB) und Benzodiazepine interagieren beide mit dem gabaergen Transmittersystem. Vergleichend wurden sie zur intravenösen Therapie des Alkoholentzugssyndroms bei Patienten einer interdisziplinären operativen Intensivstation eingesetzt. Methodik: 42 alkoholabhängige Patienten, die ein Alkoholentzugssyndrom entwickelten, wurden randomisiert entweder mit GHB oder Flunitrazepam behandelt. Additiv erhielten sie symptomorientiert Clonidin oder Haloperidol. Ergebnis: Zwischen den Gruppen bestanden keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Effektivität der Therapie und der Dauer der intensivstationären Behandlung. Die Patienten der GHB-Gruppe benötigten jedoch signifikant höhere Dosen von Haloperidol und signifikant niedrigere Dosen von Clonidin. Als Nebenwirkungen traten in der GHB-Gruppe signifikant häufiger eine Hypernatriämie (14 von 21 Patienten) bzw. eine metabolische Alkalose (15 von 21 Patienten) auf. Schlußfolgerungen: Die vegetative Symptomatik war mit GHB besser therapierbar als mit Benzodiazepinen. Als Erklärung für den erhöhten Haloperidolbedarf in der GHB-Gruppe ist eine unzureichende Blockierung des dopaminergen Systems und damit die unzureichende Dämpfung der produktiv-psychotischen Symptomatik sowie ein halluzinogener Effekt der Substanz selbst denkbar. Deshalb kann GHB nur zur Therapie des Alkoholentzugssyndroms mit vegetativer Symptomatik, jedoch nicht bei Halluzinationen empfohlen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: MHC ; Cadaver kidney transplantation ; Graft survival rate ; Blood transfusions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of prospective HLA-DR matching on the graft survival rate was investigated in a multicenter analysis of 85 transplants. Simultaneously in a retrospective analysis of graft outcome the importance of matching for MT-antigens MT1, MT2 and MT3 as a newly defined B-cell alloantigen system was evaluated. HLA-DR antigens and MT-specificities were determined on B-cells enriched by nylon-wool filtration using locally well characterised HLA-DR antisera and the antiserum set of the 8th International Histocompatibility Workshop (“discase set”) which allowed the definition of the HLA-DR specificities HLA-DR 1–9 and of the MT-antigens MT 1–3. HLA-DR matching showed a significantly improved graft outcome only in HLA-DR identical donor-recipient combinations. In 11 of 60 patients with one HLA-DR compatibility additional matching for two MT-antigens, however, improved the two year graft survival rate from 60% to 91%. Altogether 17 patients were matched for two MT-specificities with their kidney donor and showed a superior prognosis of 94% at two years compared to 53% or 17% of recipients with one or zero MT compatibility. Graft outcome in this patient group was also superior to that of HLA-DR identical or HLA-AB identical grafts. These data suggested that the MT-system rather than the HLA-DR antigens may be of critical importance in cadaver kidney transplantation. In addition a favorable influence of pretransplant blood transfusions on less HLA-DR matched grafts was confirmed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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