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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical dependency as a measure to evaluate Markov properties of stochastic point processes (1975)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 18 (1975), S. 191-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Neuronal spike trains are regarded as stochastic point processes. To estimate the order and value of Markov processes of the interspike interval sequences with small number of samples, we have proposed a new measure of simplified statistical dependencyd m. This measure is derived from statistical dependencyd m (T=τ) in the case of Gaussian process, and is obtained by the standard deviation and the matrices of the serial correlation coefficients. Sinced m is a parametric measure, it is calculated from the interval sequence transformed into the aormal distribution. We designate this as normalized simplified statistical dependencyNd m. The order and value of the maintained spike sequences recorded from the mesencephalic reticular formation, red nucleus, optic tract, and lateral geniculate nucleus neurons in cats have been estimated. It is indicated that there is a considerable correspondence between the value ofNd m and that ofd m (T=τ). This suggests thatNd m is useful in practice to estimate the order and value of Markov process with small number of samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326689
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependency as a measure to estimate the order and the values of Markov processes (1977)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 25 (1977), S. 209-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the order and the values of Markov properties of the time series of events, we have proposed a statistical measure “dependency”:D m = (H 0 −H m )/H 0 , whereH 0 andH m are Shannon's entropy and them-th order conditional entropy, respectively. It is indicated that $$\tilde D_m = \sum\limits_{v = 1}^m {(\hat D_v - \bar D_v^{sh} } )$$ is a better point estimator ofD m, giving a total value of them-th order Markov process. Here $$\hat D_m $$ and $$\bar D_m^{sh} $$ are the estimate ofD m and the arithmetic mean of $$\hat D_m^{sh} $$ when them-th order shuffling is made many times for a given observed series, respectively. The value $$\hat D_m - \bar D_m^{sh} = d_m $$ represents Markov value of the orderm. Under the assumption that the series has continuous variables and the normal distribution, simplified dependency is defined by , where |S m | is the determinant of serial correlation coefficients. It is shown that is practically useful for the estimation of the order and the values of Markov processes with small sample size. It is also indicated that analysis is basically equivalent to the least mean-square analysis of autoregressive models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01885639
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interpretation of 1/f fluctuations in neuronal spike trains during dream sleep (1989)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 60 (1989), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) neurons are regarded as contributing to the activation of the cerebral cortex. We have investigated the statistical characteristics of the single neuronal activity in the MRF of cat during two activated states: paradoxical sleep (PS) and state in which the animal is watching birds (BW). 1/f-like spectra are observed for both PS and BW states, being more pronounced for PS state. For the interpretation of these findings, we have applied the clustering Poisson process, which not only gives rise to a 1/f spectrum but also suggests a generation mechanism. The MRF neuronal activities in PS and BW are closely fitted by the clustering Poisson process, both in terms of power spectral density and counting statistics. These results strongly suggest that the activities of MRF neurons in PS and BW can be interpreted as the superpositions of randomly occurring clusters which consist of various number of impulses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207284
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of synchronized sleep upon spontaneous and induced discharges of single units in visual system (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 533-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synchronized Sleep ; Wakefulness ; Optic tract ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Thalamic reticular nucleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in the discharge rate of single units in the optic tract (OT), lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) during the sleep wakefulness cycle were studied in cats. The OT and LGN neurons were subdivided into 2 groups, type I (transient) and II (sustained) neurons. During periods of cortical EEG-synchronization the tonic response of type I LGN neurons was strongly depressed, while the response of type II LGN neurons showed little change. The maintained, spontaneous discharge rate was depressed in some LGN neurons during synchronization. No effect was seen in OT neurons, and no consistent effect in TRN neurons. These results are discussed in terms of a modulation of (recurrent) inhibition in LGN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234479
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability of inter-spike intervals of cat's on-center optic tract fibres activated by steady light spot: A comparative study on X-and Y-fibres (1976)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 24 (1976), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optic tract ; X-, Y-fibres ; Spike intervals ; Statistical analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recordings were made from single on-center optic tract fibres in cats. Light spots of 1 0sec duration were focussed on the center of the receptive field under 1 cd/m2 adaptation luminance by diffuse light. In the maintained discharges at 1 cd/m2, the shape of inter-spike interval histograms (IH) tended to be more skewed in X-fibres than in Y-fibres. As the luminance of the light spot increased, corresponding with the decrease in irregularity of length of inter-spike intervals, the shape of the IHs from X-fibres became symmetrical without noticeable shift of the modal interval peaks. This change was not clear in Y-fibres. The first order serial correlation coefficients showed small negative values in the case of the maintained discharges. These negative values increased with the decrease of the mean intervals of the discharges induced by the light spots, commonly in X- and Y-fibres. The negative correlation of adjacent inter-spike intervals was associated with a change of the shape of some IHs at lower luminances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235016
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The urinary excretion of frusemide and its metabolites by kidney transplant patients (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 313-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: frusemide ; kidney transplants ; metabolism ; renal function ; glucuronidated frusemide ; 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Urine from 5 renal transplant recipients treated with frusemide was analyzed for unchanged frusemide (F), glucuronidated frusemide (G) and 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid (CSA) by HPLC. In 3 recipients, whose renal function recovered steadily and whose hepatic function was normal throughout, the ratio of frusemide to its metabolites, F/(F+G+CSA), increased steadily in conjunction with the recovery of renal function. In one patient, who received frusemide 200–400 mg/day i.v., the urinary CSA concentration was 64–102 µg·ml−1. In 2 patients who experienced shock and/or hepatic dysfunction after transplantation, the F/(F+G+CSA) ratio fluctuated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607581
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary excretion of frusemide and its metabolites in a diabetic nephropathy patient (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 113-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: frusemide ; diabetic nephropathy ; metabolism ; glucuronidated frusemide ; 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555520
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gentamicin inhibits Na^+-dependent d-glucose transport in rabbit kidney brush-border membrane vesicles
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 858 (1986), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rabbit kidney) ; Brush-border membrane ; Gentamicin ; Glucose transport ; Kinetics
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(86)90301-9
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential effects of probucol on two distinct experimental rat nephrosis models (2000)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Nephrology 5 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1797
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We compared an antiproteinuric effect of a lipid-lowering agent probucol on two distinct types of experimental nephrosis in rats, i.e. mercuric–chloride (HgCl2)-induced autoimmune glomerulonephritis in Brown Norway (BN) rats and puromycin aminonucleoside (PA)-nephrosis in Wistar rats. The rats were fed either standard rat chow or chow containing 5% probucol. BN rats were treated with HgCl2 according to a standard protocol (HgCl2 1 mg/kg subcutaneously three times/week). Probucol treatment did not ameliorate proteinuria, renal histology or a strong linear staining for IgG and an intercellular adhesion molecule, ICAM-1, in glomeruli. Wistar rats were made nephrotic with an intraperitoneal injection of PA (100 mg/kg). In this model, in contrast to the BN rat model, no glomerular deposition of IgG or ICAM-1 was observed. Probucol treatment ameliorated proteinuria significantly. These findings suggest that the response to probucol differs in different experimental nephrosis models. As probucol only affects PA-nephrosis, in which ICAM-1 expression is negative, the ICAM-1 attenuation is not likely to be involved in the antiproteinuric effect of probucol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1797.2000.00012.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical dependency between intervals in neuronal impulse sequences
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Theoretical Biology 12 (1966), S. 140-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-5193
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(66)90191-3
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