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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X Rays from the Sun (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 7 (1969), S. 121-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.07.090169.001005
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial distribution of soft X-ray and EUV emission associated with a chromospheric flare of importance 1B on August 2, 1972 (1974)
    Springer
    Solar physics 34 (1974), S. 349-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Soft-X-ray and extreme ultraviolet spectroheliographs carried by the OSO-7 (Orbiting Solar Observatory) have been used to record the development of XUV emission associated with a flare of importance 1b on August 2, 1972. Spatial resolution was 20″ and spectral resolution was adequate to select emission lines originating within well-defined ranges of electron temperature between 5 × 104 and 30 × 106K. The data show that heating only the pre-existing coronal material adjacent to the flare site cannot account for the soft X-ray emission measure observed during the event. The flare emission originating at T e ⩽ 2.3 × 106K exhibits an impulsive component coincident with an impulsive microwave event. This radiation appears to coincide spatially with Hα radiation emitted at that time and is centered on the neutral line separating magnetic fields of opposite polarity. One soft X-ray-emitting feature, estimated to have an initial electron temperature of 2–10 × 106K, forms during the impulsive phase immediately over the Hα flare. A second, arch-like feature observed at wavelengths near 1.9 Å and estimated to have T e≅30 × 106K is located approximately 35000 km above the Hα event. Both regions have lengths of about 27000 km but transverse dimensions small compared to the spatial resolution of the spectroheliograph, i.e., less than 14000 km. The region with highest electron temperature exhibits the greatest stability in position. This region cools to approximately 10 × 106K in 6 to 12 min which is compatible with cooling by conduction to the chromosphere. The best association with a dark surge is found in an emission line of Fe xiv.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00153673
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The GSFC EUV and X-ray spectroheliograph on OSO-7 (1974)
    Springer
    Solar physics 35 (1974), S. 241-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Goddard Space Flight Center instrument carried on the pointed section of the OSO-7 satellite is described. This instrument contains: An extreme ultraviolet spectroheliograph using glancing incidence optics of Wolter's Type II to focus the Sun's light on the entrance slit of a concave grating spectrometer; an auxiliary Hα system; two X-ray spectroheliographs using mechanical collimators for spatial resolution and Ross filters to isolate spectral bands of interest, and a flare polarimeter operating in the 15–40 keV X-ray region. These subsystems may be operated in a number of modes which, when combined with the spacecraft modes, give the instrument great flexibility for making solar observations. Representative results from each of the subsystems are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00151946
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On helium-like 1s2l−1snl′ transitions in solar flare spectra (1974)
    Springer
    Solar physics 36 (1974), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Expected wavelengths and intensities are computed for 1s2l−1snl′ transitions in helium-like ions of the abundant elements from oxygen to iron, under coronal conditions. Probable observations of some of these lines, in the spectra of solar flares, are discussed and attention is called to a possible reversal of singlet and triplet intensities as compared to laboratory observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00151552
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionization equilibrium in soft X-ray-emitting solar flares (1974)
    Springer
    Solar physics 36 (1974), S. 383-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Studies of the flare-produced line feature at 1.9 Å due to highly ionized iron show that it is emitted in conditions closely approximating steady-state ionization equilibrium. Calculations of the line flux per unit emission measure from time-dependent and steady-state ionization equilibria are compared with observed values during four flares in particular. Only for electron densities N e ⪞ 1010 cm-3 do the time-dependent equilibrium values give as good an approximation to the observed values as the steady-state equilibrium. This lower limit is compared with values of N e derived from analyses of the temperature decline in each of these events, and with estimates of N e given by other workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00151209
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarization results of solar X-rays from OSO-7 (1974)
    Springer
    Solar physics 37 (1974), S. 429-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Polarization measurements of solar X-ray events that were obtained with an instrument on OSO-7 are presented. The results appear to be consistent with the results of Tindo et al. on the existence and magnitudes of polarization. A comparison with polarization predictions when X-rays are produced by radial beams of electrons gives two examples of deviations from such a model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00152500
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solar flare line emission between 6 Å and 25 Å (1973)
    Springer
    Solar physics 31 (1973), S. 171-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A list of emission lines in the spectra of solar flares between 6 Å and 25 Å has been compiled using data obtained with a KAP crystal spectrometer on the OSO-5 satellite. The emission lines have been classified according to their sensitivity to flare activity. This classification provides a method for discriminating between iron in high stages of ionization (Fe xx-Fe xxv) and lower stages (Fe xvii- Fe xix), the lines of which are both present in the same spectral region during flares. Identifications consistent with these classifications are proposed. Anomalous intensities in the spectra of Fe xvii and Fe xx are pointed out, and implications of the observations for models of the X-ray emitting regions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00156081
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications for flare build-up and heating from observations made by OSO-7 (1976)
    Springer
    Solar physics 47 (1976), S. 217-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00152258
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coronal temperatures and temperature gradients from OSO-7 spectroheliograms (1976)
    Springer
    Solar physics 47 (1976), S. 611-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Temperatures and temperature gradients for the outer corona are obtained from brightness gradients of EUV lines that were measured with the spectroheliograph on OSO-7. Brightness gradients show considerable deviations from isothermal model calculations that include collisional excitation and photoexcitation. A negative temperature gradient that gives both positive and negative ion abundance gradients appears to be able to account for the discrepancy. For λ284 of Fe xv, perhaps the strongest line from the outer corona, measurements during 1972 appear to be consistent with (i) a temperature near 2.3×106K near the equator at ϱ = 1.3±0.1 solar radii from the solar center; (ii) (ϱ/T) dT/dϱ values near -0.7 that extend from as low as ϱ = 1.2 to about ϱ = 1.8. Temperatures from strong lines of Fe xiv and Fe xvi indicate that variations of about ±0.2×106K exist along lines of sight where emission is appreciable. There appears to be some agreement between these results and temperature measurements from ion abundances in the solar wind and Doppler width of λ5303.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00154770
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EUV emission, filament activation and magnetic fields in a slow-rise flare (1975)
    Springer
    Solar physics 41 (1975), S. 397-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of coronal and chromospheric structures is examined together with magnetograms for the 1B flare of January 19, 1972. Soft X-ray and EUV studies are based on the OSO-7 data. The Hα filtergrams and magnetograms came from the Sacramento Peak Observatory. Theoretical force-free magnetic field configurations are compared with structures seen in the soft X-ray, EUV and Hα images. Until the flare, two prominent spots were connected by a continuous dark filament and their overlying coronal structure underwent an expansion at the sunspot separation rate of 0.1 km s−1. On January 19, the flare occurred as new magnetic fields emerged at ∼ 1019 Mx h−1 beneath the filament, which untwisted and erupted as the flare began. The pre-flare coronal emissions remained unchanged during the flare except for the temporary addition of a localized enhancement that started 5 min after flare onset. EUV lines normally emitted in the upper transition region displayed a sudden enhancement coinciding in time and location with a bright Hα point, which is believed to be near the flare ‘trigger’ or onset point. The EUV flash and the initial Hα brightening, both of which occurred near the center of the activated filament, were followed by a second EUV enhancement at the end of the filament. The complete disruption of the filament was accompanied by a third EUV enhancement and a rapid rise in the soft X-ray emission spatially coincident with the disappearing filament. From the change of magnetic field inferred from Hα filtergrams and from force-free field calculations, the energy available for the flare is estimated at approximately 1031 erg. Apparently, changes in the overlying coronal magnetic field were not required to provide the flare energy. Rather, it is suggested that the flare actually started in the twisted filament where it was compressed by emerging fields. Clearly, the flare started below the corona, and it appears that it derived its energy from the magnetic fields in or near the filament.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00154077
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