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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The morphology of canine lymphatic valves (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 202 (1982), S. 453-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The architecture of 60 valves from thoracic ducts and from renal hilar and mesenteric collecting lymph vessels of dogs were studied by scanning electron microscopy as well as by light and transmission electron microscopy. All of the valves seen in hilar and mesenteric lymph vessels and most of those studied in the thoracic duct were bicuspid. An occasional tricuspid and one monocuspid valve was seen in the thoracic duct. The semilunar cusps of the valves extended from the vessel wall, to which they were attached, towards the valve outlet where adjacent cusps fused. Coincident to the area of fusion was the formation of mesenteric-like folds or buttresses that anchored the cusps to the vessel wall. These folds extended 50-100 μm beyond the cusp margins on the outflow side of the valve. The attachments of the cusps, buttresses, and vessel wall to one another resulted in the formation of postvalvular sinuses, such that raised intraluminal pressure downstream to valve areas would distend the sinuses, causing leaflet apposition and hence valvular closure. The morphology of the valves was such that they were not considered to provide any significant impediment to the antegrade flow of lymph.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092020404
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The renal cortical lymphatic system in dogs with unimpeded lymph and urine flow (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 198 (1980), S. 427-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distribution and extent of the lymphatic circulation in the renal cortex was analyzed in three dogs under conditions of unimpeded lymph and urine flow. The kidneys were drip fixed with acrolein in vivo, and cortical tissue strips were prepared for light and electron microscopic examination. Analysis of 90 tissue strips revealed 38 cortical lymphatics, one third of which were intralobular in position. The intralobular lymphatic capillaries were related primarily to tubules, afferent arterioles, or renal corpuscles. The remainder of the lymphatics were located in interlobular connective tissue areas in association with the interlobular blood vessels. Interlobular lymphatics had a surface area twice that of intralobular vessels. Stereological analysis was used to estimate the volume density of the components of the renal cortex. The volume density of lymphatics was found to be 0.0014, but because of the relative infrequency of lymphatics, this value was considered to be approximate. The volume density data for non-lymphatic renal components were found to be in close agreement with published data. From these volume density values it was concluded that the volume of cortical lymph in a functioning dog kidney is equivalent to about 1% of the volume of blood in the cortical peritubular capillaries.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091980305
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of artificially induced decidual cell reaction by indomethacin in the mature oophorectomized rat (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 204 (1982), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is capable of inducing a decidual cell reaction (DCR) in the hormonally prepared rat. In the present work indomethacin, a PG synthetase inhibitor, was used to determine whether PGF2α is involved in the DCR induced by artificial stimulation of the endometrium. Thirty-seven animals were oophorectomized and subsequently given daily injections of progesterone for 6 days and one injection of estradiol 17 β on the fourth day. Later on the fourth day, one of several experimental maneuvers was carried out on the right uterine horn of each animal; these included: 1) introduction of phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) twice into the uterus, 2) intrauterine injection of PGF2α with no subsequent application or manipulation, 3) intrauterine injection of indomethacin followed by subsequent injection of PGF2α, 4) intrauterine injection of indomethacin with subsequent artificial stimulation (scratch), 5) intrauterine injection of PBS with subsequent scratch, 6) scratch followed by injection of PBS, and 7) scratch followed by a second scratch. The extent of the ensuing DCR was assessed 48 h later by measurement of horn weight, by light and electron microscopy, by ranking the DCR, and by the mitotic index. Indomethacin significantly reduced the horn weight in animals treated with scratch but had a much less marked effect on animals treated with PGF2α. Similarly the rank of the DCR and the mitotic index were significantly less in endometria treated by indomethacin with scratch than those treated by indomethacin with PGF2α. From these findings it was concluded that the DCR induced by scratch was inhibited, but not abolished, when preceded by indomethacin. Conversely the DCR induced by PGF2α was not inhibited by indomethacin, thus demonstrating that when local generation of PG is reduced or abolished, PGF2α can sustain the decidual cell response.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092040307
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural evidence for a reabsorptive role by intrarenal veins (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 207 (1983), S. 253-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Intrarenal veins, although known to have thin walls, are considered to be simple conducting vessels. Using light- and electron microscopy, the distribution and structure of named intrarenal veins was examined qualitatively and quantitatively in rat kidneys fixed by retrograde arterial perfusion. Although the venous system follows the pattern of arterial branching in general, a class of intracortical veins similar in appearance to interlobular veins but without a companion artery was found in the present study. It is suggested that these vesels be designated intralobular veins. Structurally, we have found intrarenal veins to be surprisingly similar to peritubular capillaries both in respect to their spatial relations to renal tubules as well as ultrastructurally. Like peritubular capillaries, the majority of the wall of intrarenal veins is intimately apposed to renal tubules. This fraction decreases centrally, values of 0.83 being obtained in intralobular veins, 0.69 in interlobular veins, and 0.56 in arcuate veins. The walls of intrarenal veins are comprised of little more than an endothelium, which, like peritubular capillaries, is remarkable for its thinness, high density of fenestrae, and lack of extraintimal elements. Endothelial thickness was not significantly greater in either interlobular or arcuate veins than in peritubular capillaries; the fenestrae were, however, about twice as frequent in peritubular capillaries as in interlobular or arcuate veins and 35 times more frequent than in interlobar veins. The size and numerical and volume densities of uncoated endocytotic vesicles did not differ significantly between peritubular capillaries and any of the intrarenal veins. Based on their marked qualitative and quantitative similarities to peritubular capillaries, we conclude that, like the latter, intrarenal veins are capable of sustaining passive transport between plasma and interstitium.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092070203
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern and distribution of intrahepatic lymph vessels in the rat (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 215 (1986), S. 351-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The pattern and distribution of intrahepatic lymph vessels were examined by light and electron microscopy in rat livers fixed by perfusion through the portal vein. Lymph vessels were found in the connective tissue of the larger portal canals, where they coursed in close association with branches of the hepatic artery. The smallest portal canals contained no lymphatics. Of the portal canals that lacked a lymphatic, over 50% also lacked an arterial component. Direct connections between the lymphatic lumen and the spaces of Disse or Mall were not observed but lymphatics were found close to Mall's space, separated by only a sparse connective tissue space containing a few collagen fibrils. Lymphatics were neither seen within the parenchyma, nor associated with intercalated (sublobular) veins. Cross-sectional area (223.2 ± 48.7 μm2 SEM), maximum diameter (20.5 ± 2.0 μm), volume density (0.00098 ± 0.00046 μm3/μm3) and profile density (1.8 ± 0.3 lymphatics per 1 mm2) of hepatic lymph vessels were determined by stereological measurement by a computer-based image analyzer. These data were used to estimate the rate of lymph formation in the liver. It was concluded that (1) initial lymphatics probably originate in the portal canals; (2) the concept that fluid in the space of Disse can be regarded as the principal source of fluid-forming hepatic lymph is questioned, since initial lymphatics appear to be separated from the space of Disse by hepatocytes and the space of Mall; and (3) the rate of lymph formation in the liver of the rat is approximately 0.06-0.08 μl/min/cm2 of lymphatic endothelium.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092150404
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decidual cell reaction induced by prostaglandin F2α in the mature oöphorectomized rat (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 189-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostaglandin F2α ; Decidual cell reaction ; Morphometry ; Histology ; Uterus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sprague-Dawley rats were oöphorectomized and after a 2–3 week recovery period were given daily injections of progesterone (2.0 mg/0.1 ml) for six consecutive days. On the fourth day of progesterone treatment 0.2 mg of estradiol 17β was given in addition and the right uterine cornua were subjected to one of five experimental maneuvers. On the sixth day of progesterone treatment the uterine cornua were weighed and processed for light and electron microscopy. The weights of all left cornua (84.6 +- 3.7 mg) and the right cornua of PBS-injected (93.3 +- 11.5 mg) and sham operated uteri (83.6 +- 19.8 mg) were comparable. A significant increase (p〈0.001) in weight was found in cornua that received PGF2α (144 +- 6.7 mg), PGF2α with mild local trauma (scratch) (146 +- 28.0 mg), and scratch alone (162 +- 12.7 mg). The majority of cornua treated by scratch alone, or by PGF2α with or without scratch, showed a decidual cell reaction by light microscopy and had a significantly higher mitotic index than those treated with saline, or by sham operation. When specimens were evaluated for the presence of the OCR, the highest rank was found in tissues treated by scratch alone or by PGF2α with or without scratch. Morphometric evaluation by light microscopy indicated that the extent of decidualization in PGF2α-treated tissue was comparable to that of scratchtreated tissue. Ultrastructural observation of PGF2α-treated tissue revealed that decidual cells closely resembled those treated with scratch. However, electron microscopic morphometry revealed that cells that responded to PGF2α had higher volume and surface densities of organelles associated with metabolic activity than did cells responding to scratch alone. These results demonstrate that locally administered PGF2α can initiate, in the hormonally prepared mature oöphorectomized rat, a DCR comparable to that induced by local trauma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216228
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The renal cortical lymphatic system in the rat, hamster, and rabbit (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 177 (1986), S. 21-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rat, hamster, and rabbit renal cortical lymphatics were examined by light and electron microscopy. Rat and hamster kidneys possessed both intra- and interlobular lymphatics that were structurally similar at the light microscopic level. Ultrastructural examination of the hamster lymphatic endothelium, however, revealed an unusual arrangement of cytoplasmic extensions not seen in the other two species. The intralobular lymphatics were related primarily to tubules, afferent arterioles, and renal corpuscles and were consistent with lymph formation from both plasma filtrate and tubular reabsorbate. Interlobular lymphatics were seen in connective tissue associated with the interlobular blood vessels. Rabbit cortex contained only interlobular lymphatics. Cross-sectional area, maximum diameter, volume density, and profile density were determined by stereological measurements using a computer-based image analyzer. The morphological data from the rat were used, in combination with published values for lymph flow, to calculate the rate of lymph formation per unit area of endothelium in lymphatics of the renal cortex. Among kidneys fixed by retrograde perfusion, the cortical lymphatic system was most extensive in maximum diameter, volume density, and profile density. It was smallest in the rabbit and intermediate in the rat. Lower volume and profile density were found for rat kidneys fixed by the dripping technique. It was concluded that: (1) tubular reabsorbate probably contributes to renal lymph in the rat and hamster, but not in the rabbit; (2) significant differences exist in the extent of the renal lymphatic systems among the three species, with the hamster kidney having the richest network and the rabbit the poorest; (3) the method of fixation influences the measured size and density of renal cortical lymphatics; and (4) the estimated rate of lymph formation in the kidney of the rat is roughly comparable to that in the dog.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001770104
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of the intrarenal lymphatic system. Capsular and hilar communicationsSupported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health AM 18473. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 149 (1977), S. 333-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recent functional evidence has indicated that ureteric obstruction for three or more days in dogs causes a diversion of renal lymph from the hilar to the capsular system. The present study was concerned with the structural correlate of this functional evidence, having special reference to communications between the two systems. Within three days of ureteric occlusion the capsular lymphatic system became dilated. On histological examination two types of tributaries were found. One (termed a perforating lymphatic) served as a primary pathway for superficial cortical lymph from the subcapsular plexus, and penetrated the capsule either alone or in company with a small vein. The other (termed a communicating lymphatic) was closely associated with the occasional penerating interlobular blood vessel which traversed the capsule to ramify in the perirenal tissue. Approximately 60% of the penetrating arteries in eight dog kidneys had associated communicating lymphatics. On the renal surface the perforating and communicating lymphatics formed the primary collecting vessels of the capsular system. Within the renal substance the communicating lymphatics were directly continuous with lymphatics which surrounded the interlobular blood vessels and which have been shown to drain into the hilar network. Thus the communicating lymphatics formed direct connections between the hilar and capsular systems. It was concluded that these communications, although dilated by hydronephrosis, existed under control conditions. Functionally they are probably of importance only under special circumstances when intrarenal lymph may be diverted from one to the other system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001490303
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