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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ; Bradykinin-(1–5) ; Carageenin-induced pleurisy ; Nasal allergy ; Kinin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have developed an ELISA for BK-(1–5) (Arg1-Pro2-Pro3-Gly4-Phe5). In rat carrageenin-induced pleurisy, in which a plasma exudation peak was observed 5 h after carrageenin, BK levels in the exudates were negligible (〈60 pg/rat). BK-(1–7) (des-Phe8-Arg9-BK) was detectable (900–400 pg/rat) over the entire course of the inflammation. However, a larger amount of BK-(1–5) was detectable in association with the increase in plasma exudation, showing a peak (8800±1200 pg/rat) 3 h after carrageenin. Bromelain (10 mg/kg, i.v.) and soy bean trypsin inhibitor (0.3 mg/rat, intra-pleural) significantly reduced BK-(1–5) levels (by 60–93%, 3, 7 and 19 h after carrageenin) and plasma exudation rates (by 61–74%, 3 and 7 h after carrageenin). Dexamethasone (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced BK-(1–5) levels (by 78%) and decreased plasma exudation (by 70%) 3 h after carrageenin. In nasal allergy patients, antigen challenge of nasal mucosa elevated BK-(1–5) levels and active kallikrein levels in nasal washes. These results verify that BK-(1–5) determined by ELISA is a good indicator for release of kinins in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenal demedullation combined with chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (ACS) lowered plasma glucagon and insulin levels in rats. Acute cold exposure increased plasma glucagon in both ACS and control rats, while it increased plasma insulin only in ACS rats. ACS rats responded to cold with a smaller increase in plasma glycerol and a more pronounced elevation of plasma free fatty acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 45-66 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Efferent cells ; Non-efferent cells ; Synaptic connection ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal connections in the visual cortex of cat (areas 17 and 18) were studied with intracellular recording and electrical stimulation techniques under Nembutal anaesthesia. Four types of axonal projection were seen; 1. association efferent cells projecting to adjacent cerebral cortex on the ipsilateral side, 2. commissural efferent cells to visual cortex on the contralateral side, 3. corticofugal efferent cells to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus, and 4. non-efferent cells whose projection is confined within the visual cortex. Both association and commissural efferent cells were located in layer III, corticofugal efferent cells in layer V and non-efferent cells in layers II–VI. Upon these cells two types of synaptic actions were exerted by the specific visual afferents that originate from the lateral geniculate body; 1. type I, monosynaptic excitation plus disynaptic inhibition and 2. type II, disynaptic excitation plus trisynaptic inhibition. Type I effects were found in layers III–V, and type II in layers II and VI. In the border region between areas 17 and 18 monosynaptic excitation and disynaptic inhibition were produced also by the commissural efferents originating from the contralateral visual cortex. On the basis of these results, a possible neuronal circuitry in the visual cortex is postulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: LRN ; Mossy fiber ; Granule cell ; Purkyně cell ; bVFRT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Field potentials and responses of individual Purkyne cells located in paramedian lobule were recorded with glass microelectrodes, in unanaesthetized, decerebrate cats following stimulation of lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) and its spinal afferent pathway, i.e., bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) and ventral quadrant and lateral funiculus (VQ+LF). 2. The field potentials generated by LRN stimulation were N2, P2 and slow negative waves in the granular layer and N3 wave in the molecular layer. Furthermore, activation of LRN neurones by bVFRT and VQ+LF stimulation led to the same basic pattern, but with longer latencies. 3. Single Purkyně cells responded to each type of stimulation, with excitation, inhibition or excitation and inhibition. The mean latencies for excitation were 5.5 msec to LRN and 7.2 msec to bVFRT. The latencies for VQ+LF excitation were divided into two groups with mean values of 8.9 msec and 14.3 msec. 4. These findings establish that mossy fibers of LRN origin activate granule cells which in turn excite the Purkyně cells, as proposed by Sasaki and Strata (1967). Therefore, these results refute the concept of Arshavsky et al. (1971 a, b) that mossy fibers arising from the LRN synapse onto a special type of granule cell (type II), not exciting the Purkyně cell but only the Golgi cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 255-272 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebral cortex ; Mossy fibers ; Climbing fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The patterns of convergence of nerve and cortical inputs representing the forelimb and hindlimb were studied in Purkyně cells of the cat. The most important inputs to Purkyně cells of the pars intermedia come from peripheral nerves and the areas of the sensorimotor cortex concerned with the same limb. In lobule V, the forelimb nerve and cortical inputs are dominant, while in lobules III and IV the hindlimb inputs are dominant. Lobules IVa–Va represent a zone of hindlimb-forelimb overlap, with the nerve and cortical inputs making parallel transitions from the hindlimb dominance of IVa to the forelimb dominance of Va. Furthermore, within the nerve and cortical projections to the pars intermedia, mossy fiber and climbing fiber systems have similar projection patterns. In addition to the hindlimb-forelimb overlap in lobules IVa–Va, nearly half (44%) of the Purkyně cells throughout lobules III, IV, and V of the pars intermedia respond with weak or moderate responses to cortical or nerve inputs from the non-dominant limb, some of which are clearly important physiologically. By pairing stimuli to nerve and cortex, it was shown that these two inputs converge onto single inferior olive neurons for the climbing fiber system, whereas the nerve and cortical inputs have separate mossy fiber-granule cell pathways, finally converging onto the Purkyně cell. For both the mossy fiber and climbing fiber systems, the nerve and cortical inputs appear to be transmitted most efficiently through the cerebellar cortex when the two inputs arrive simultaneously at the cerebellar cortex and inferior olive, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibulospinal ; Cervical ; Thoracic ; PSPs ; Deiters'
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized rabbits, the effects of VIIIth nerve stimulation were studied in the cervicothoracic segments of the spinal cord by recording spike field potentials representing the secondary vestibular volleys, postsynaptic potentials in spinal neurones and corresponding field potentials. It was revealed that an excitatory action was conveyed by the medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST) fibers bilaterally and also by the lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST) fibers ipsilaterally. Both of these two excitatory fiber groups conducted the secondary vestibular volleys with relatively fast velocities. An inhibitory action was effected bilateraly by those MVST fibers which conducted secondary vestibular volleys with a relatively slow velocity, as previously described in oats. By direct stimulation of the medulla it was demonstrated that both excitatory and inhibitory MVST fibers arise from the middle portion of the vestibular nuclear complex in and around Deiters' nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 239-254 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebral cortex ; Mossy fibers ; Climbing fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The responses of single Purkyně cells in the pars intermedia of the anterior lobe were studied following stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex in the cat. The cortical inputs display the same kind of mossy fiber and climbing fiber duality as previously described for nerve inputs (Eccles et al., 1971 b). Stimulation of the cerebral cortex elicits short latency excitation (4–8 msec) and inhibition (8–12 msec) via the mossy fiber system and a longer latency climbing fiber excitation (12–19 msec). The response of a Purkyně cell may consist of any combination of these possible components and depends upon the cortical area stimulated. The mossy fiber system is activated by a single shock, is increased by a second volley, and follows relatively high repetition rates. On the other hand, the climbing fiber system has a higher threshold, and only follows repetition rates up to 5–20 Hz. Two or more volleys are needed for efficient transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 45 (1982), S. 108-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neostriatal slices ; Depolarizing IPSPs ; Pentobarbital ; 4-aminopyridine ; GABA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In neostriatal slices pretreated with sodium pentobarbital (100 μM) and 4-aminopyridine (50 μM), intrastriatal stimulation elicited EPSPs followed by a slowly decaying depolarization which lasted about 200 ms and was associated with a membrane conductance increase and a suppression of spike potentials. This depolarizing inhibitory synaptic action could be blocked by picrotoxin (50 μM) or bicuculline (50 μM). The reversal potential for the slowly decaying depolarization was −57 to −62 mV, i.e. it was positive with respect to the resting membrane potential (¯x = −67 mV). GABA, injected into the tissue in the vicinity of the recording electrode by pressure application, or added to the perfusate (10 μM−1 mM), depolarized the cells and reduced both the membrane resistance and the amplitude of EPSPs. The reversal potential of GABA depolarization was found in a potential range approximating that of the slowly decaying depolarization. These results are compatible with the assumption that GABA is the transmitter of an intrinsic inhibition in rat neostriatum, but indicate that GABA-mediated IPSPs of neostriatal cells in vitro are depolarizing at the resting membrane potential. The possible reasons for this are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 359-374 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebro-cerebellar ; Mossy fiber pathway ; Pontine nuclei ; Reticular nuclei ; Climbing fiber response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stimulation of the cat's sensorimotor cortex evokes a short-latency mossy fiber field potential (N2) in the pars intermedia of the cerebellum. The fraction of the response carried by each of the six cerebellar peduncles was determined by comparing the field potentials before and after electrolytic lesions of individual cerebellar peduncles. The response evoked from the contralateral cerebrum is 3.5 times as large as that evoked from ipsilateral cerebrum. The size of the N2 wave from contralateral cerebral cortex is reduced to about half of the original size after electrolytic lesion of either the brachium pontis (BP) or the restiform body (RB) ipsilateral to the recording site, while only a small reduction in the size of N2 is observed after lesions of contralateral BP and RB. This indicates that inputs responsible for the generation of the N2 wave from contralateral cerebral cortex enter the cerebellum primarily through ipsilateral BP and RB. In contrast, the N2 wave from ipsilateral cerebral cortex is reduced by approximately one quarter following lesions of any one of the four RB's and BP's. Fibers in the brachium conjunctivum do not contribute to these responses. Observation on the P2 field potential, representing postsynaptic firing of granule cells, suggest that the cerebro-ponto-cerebellar and cerebro-reticulo-cerebellar mossy fiber pathways converge onto granule cells. Furthermore, these two inputs must arrive within 3 ms of each other in order to activate the granule cells. In addition, it is shown that BP lesions reducing the mossy fiber input lead to an increase in the climbing fiber input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Keywords: Malignant glioma; interferon-beta; MCNU; radiotherapy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary  In order to develop ultimate adjuvant therapy for malignant gliomas, we analysed 77 patients with malignant gliomas (29 anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs) and 48 glioblastoma multiformes (GMs)) treated by three protocols of IMR therapy (human interferon-beta (HuIFN-β), MCNU and radiation).  In protocol 1 (n=45: AA=13, GM=32), 1 ×106 IU of HuIFN-β was administrated intravenously once a day for 7 days. On day 2, MCNU was administrated at a dose of 2 mg/kg b.w. intravenously and from day 3, radiation was started in five weekly fractions of 2 Gy for 6 weeks. Total dose was 60 Gy. Protocol 2 (n=19: AA=11, GM=8) was comparable with protocol 1 except HuIFN-β was administrated twice a day at a dose of 1×106 IU each. Protocol 3 (n=13: AA=5, GM=8) differed from protocol 2 only in a high dose-hyperfractionated radiation which was given twice a day at a dose of 1.5 Gy each and for a total dose of 66 Gy. Antitumor effects were evaluated by survival and response rate determined by decrease of tumor size. Significant improvement was obtained in patients with AAs by protocol 2 and 3. Response rates of patients with AAs and GMs were 46.2% and 50% in protocol 1, 63.6% and 50% in protocol 2, and 80% and 50% in protocol 3, respectively. One and two year survival rates in AAs were 46.4% and 34.8% in protocol 1, both 75% in protocol 2, and both 100% in protocol 3. Survival rates in GMs were not different among them. Except of radiation necrosis, which was observed in 38.5% of the patients under protocol 3, there was no significant difference in the adverse effects among the three protocols.  In the present study, the efficacy of IMR therapy for patients with malignant gliomas, especially for AAs, was cofirmed. We conclude that twice a day administrations of HuIFN-β in combination with a high dose-hyperfractionated radiation provide increased efficacy in IMR therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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