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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 51 (1980), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental spongiform encephalopathy ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Kuru ; Transmission to small rodents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experimental transmission of subacute spongiform encephalopathy from three human cases to small rodents is reported. The first case with atypical CJD with spongiform change, kuru plaques, and leukomalacia was transmitted directly to mice, rats, and guinea pigs and indirectly to hamsters and Mongolian gerbils through rats. From two other typical SSE cases the disease was also successfully transmitted; from the second case to mice and rats, and from the third case to guinea pigs. Brain showed the highest infectivity; the spleen, liver, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid of diseased animals were also infective. Intracerebral inoculation was the route for the fastest transmission, followed by intrathecal, intraperitoneal, submucosal, and subcutaneous routes. The incubation periods and clinical features were characteristic in each inoculated species and did not vary within several passages, except for the shortening of incubation period from the first to the second passage. Histologically, a marked spongy state and proliferation of astrocytes were observed in all diseased animals, though the distribution of the lesion was peculiar to each species. The severe lesion in the white matter in mice was similar to that seen in mice inoculated with scrapie and also to that seen in the first case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 63 (1984), S. 24-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Inclusion bodies ; Myositis ; Neuron ; Oligodendroglia ; Adrenal medulla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 30-year-old man had had chronic progressive wasting and weakness of muscles for 17 years. A muscle biopsy 5 years prior to death revealed myopathic changes with rimmed vacuoles and intranuclear inclusions which corresponded to “inclusion body myositis”. At autopsy, intranuclear inclusions were observed in neurons, oligodendroglia, and inparenchymal cells of the adrenal medulla. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions in muscles, nervous tissue, and adrenal medulla were identical and consisted of abnormal tubulolinear structures measuring 10–20 nm in diameter. Similar inclusions have been reported in muscles with “inclusion body myositis” and in the nervous system with “neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease”, respectively. Absence of clinical symptoms related to the CNS and adrenal gland, and well-preserved parenchymal cells in these organs of our patient suggest a benign nature of the disease except in the muscular system. Attempts to isolate a virus from the brain were fruitless. This patient may serve to connect both diseases in muscles and the nervous system, and to disclose the etilogy of these inclusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 51 (1980), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental spongiform encephalopathy ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Spongy state ; Ultrastructural study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic findings of spongy state in four species of small rodents, viz., mice, rats, Mongolian gerbils, and guinea pigs, are described. The spongy state existed in both gray and white matter; its intensity varied in each species, and in the gray matter corresponded to vacuoles within the neuropil. They were of two types; one was the true vacuoles within neurites, and the other was markedly swollen cell processes, some of which were also identified as neurites. In the white matter, the spongy state corresponded mainly to distesion of the myelin sheaths, due to splitting of the major dense line or swelling of the inner loop, and partly to intra-axonal vacuoles. In mice before appearance of clinical symptoms, the vacuolation occurred first in the cerebral white matter 5 weeks after inoculation and in the cerebral cortex at 7 weeks. The occurrence and development of the vacuoles are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 55 (1981), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Medulloblastoma ; Desmoplastic medulloblastoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-four cases of classical medulloblastoma and one case of desmoplastic medulloblastoma were examined for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using the immunoperoxidase method to assess astrocytic differentiation. In 16 cases of classical medullablastoma GFAP-positive cells were present in variable numbers. These cells were classified as three different types according to size and shape. The type 1 cell was morphologically identical to the ordinary tumor cell, with a hyperchromatic nucleus and a scanty cytoplasm. The type 2 cell had a fairly rich cytoplasm with short cytoplasmic processes. The type 3 cell was characterized by a relatively large nucleus with sparse chromatin and well-developed cytoplasmic processes, and was considered a reactive astrocyte. The type 1 and some of the type 2 cells seemed to be neoplastic, displaying astrocytic differentiation. The remaining type 2 cells may have been reactive astrocytes. In one case of desmoplastic medulloblastoma, the majority of GFAP-positive cells were arranged in “islands”, and had delicate fibrillated processes. GFAP-positive cells were also observed outside these “islands”, though they were less numerous. Most of them were regarded as type 3 cells, but some were type 2. This may be interpreted as meaning that the glial character of the tumor was expressed more within than outside these “islands”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 53 (1981), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human glioma ; Alternate culture and animal passage ; Asplenic-athymic mouse ; Athymic nude mouse ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The method of the alternate culture and animal passage was introduced in the study of human glioma. For animal passage the hereditary asplenic-athymic (lasat) mice were used as a carrier. Because the lasat mice have practically no cellular and only little humoral immunity, the rate of tumor take was expected to be raised, and successful results were obtained. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical (GFA protein) studies were also done. The overgrowth of stromal elements in reculture of tumors in lasat mice was less vigorous than in athymic nude mice. After four passages through lasat mice, an established human glioma cell line, KNS-42, showed numerous well differentiated cell nests, and this alternate culture and animal passage suggested to enhance the differentiation and growth capacity. After three passages through lasat mice, the tumor line, KNS-42-L, produced tumors also in athymic nude mice and their histological features were essentially the same as those in lasat mice, and hence the lasat mice could be saved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental gliomas ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Blood-brain barrier ; Peroxidase leakage ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure, histometric characteristics, and permeability of microvessels were studied by electron microscopy in normal and in ethylnitrosourea (ENU)-induced glioma tissue from rats, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a tracer. The tumor vessels were classified into (1) capillary buds (Type I); (2) round small to large capillaries (Type II); (3) sinusoidal or venule-like microvessels (Type III), and (4) abnormal arteriole-like microvessels (Type IV). All endothelial cells, basement membranes and periendothelial cells in the tumor tissue demonstrated changes in structure. The most striking alterations occurred in the endothelial cells; there were abnormal endothelial tight junctions, altered pinocytotic activity, and thickening. In the tracer study, the reaction product of HRP was present around some sinusoidal or venule-like microvessels (Type III) and extended to the widened extracellular spaces around the microvessels. The endothelial cells of Type III microvessels showed decreased nuclear and mitochondrial fractions, and increased euchromatin content and a rough endoplasmic reticulum fraction. The pinocytotic vesicles with the HRP reaction product in the endothelial cells were not increased in number. Fenestrations and gaps of the endothelial cells were observed. These alterations of the endothelial cells of sinusoidal or venule-like microvessels (Type III) are considered to be the main cause of breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in this tumor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 173 (1984), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous virological and immunological studies have suggested that multiple sclerosis (MS) is an auto-immune disease triggered by a virus infection. In order to inhibit the growth of measles virus in the patient's jejunum, we obtained an IgA-rich cow colostrum containing anti-measles lactoglobulin resistant to proteases. This colostrum was orally administered to patients with MS to investigate its effect on the course of the disease. Measles-positive antibody colostrum was orally administered every morning to 15 patients with MS at a daily dosage of 100 ml for 30 days. Similarly, measles-negative antibody (〈 8) control colostrum was orally administered to 5 patients. As a clinical assessment, disability scores developed by the International Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies were used. As a result, of 7 high NT titre (512–5120) anti-measles colostrum recipients 5 patients improved and 2 remained unchanged. Among 8 low NT titre (8–32) anti-measles colostrum recipients 5 patients improved and 3 remained unchanged. However, of 5 negative NT titre (〈 8) colostrum recipients 2 patients remained unchanged and 3 worsened. No side-effects were observed in colostrum recipients. These findings suggest the efficacy of orally administered anti-measles colostrum in improving the condition of MS patients (P 〈 0.05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 16 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previously, an association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and HLA-DPw4 has been reported in Scandinavians. In the present study, the distribution of HLA-DP antigens was studied in 34 Japanese MS patients, a11 of whom fulfilled the criteria for definite MS. HLA-DP typings for DPwl through w6 and the local specificity, CDP-HEI, were performed using the primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) technique. In addition, the patients were typed for a DR2 +, Dw2 +/Dw12–related, PLT defined specificity. The distribution of DPw1-w5 in 121 healthy, unrelated Japanese controls were from Nishimura et al., 1984; Nishimura, personal communication). Sera from all 34 patients and 38 controls (both from the HTLV-1 non-endemic, Kyoto region) were examined for the presence of HTLV-1 reacting antibodies by a highly sensitive radioimmuno assay (RIA) using two sources of HTLV-1 antigens, namely total crude protein preparations from disrupted HTLV-1 virions and affinity purified p24 HTLV-1 core proteins.The frequency of DPw4 was significantly increased to 35.3% in Japanese MS patients compared to 16.5% in controls (Relative Risk, RR = 2.8, p = 1.9 × 10−2). 41.6% of the MS patients gave clear typing responses with a PLT reagent which recognized a Dw2+ related specificity, which is higher than the frequency of Dw2 (6.8%) in Japanese.Fourteen of the 34 patient sera contrasting to none of the sera from 38 controls contained antibodies of IgG and/or IgM subclasses reacting with the HTLV-1 derived antigens. This difference is highly significant (P 〈 1 × 10−5). However, there was no association between DP or Dw2 phenotypes and antibody status.These data provide evidence that genes within (or closely linked to) the HLA-DP region confer susceptibility to MS in two genetically different ethnic groups: Japanese and Scandinavians.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 290 (1991), S. 474-483 
    ISSN: 0003-9861
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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