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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Slit ventricles as a cause of isolated ventricles after shunting (1985)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 1 (1985), S. 189-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Childhood hydrocephalus ; Slit ventricle ; Isolated unilateral hydrocephalus ; Isolated fourth ventricle ; CSF hydrodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a follow-up study of 164 hydrocephalic children without tumors treated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts, 46 (28.0%) developed slit ventricles, 5 (3.0%) developed isolated fourth ventricles, and 4 (2.4%) developed isolated unilateral hydrocephalus. All of the patients with isolated unilateral hydrocephalus and 3 with isolated fourth ventricles had associated slit ventricles, 2 of whom had enlarged ventricles as double-compartment hydrocephalus. Reopening of the foramen of Monro or the aqueduct was achieved in one of the former and two of the latter cases with re-expansion of the slit ventricles. It is suggested that in some cases, the slit ventricle could be a causative factor in post-shunt isolated ventricle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270760
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronal overmaturation in dysraphism: ontogenic expression of neuropeptides in the fetal brain and developmental anomalies in exencephaly (1995)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 11 (1995), S. 504-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Dysraphism ; Neuronal maturation ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Somatostatin ; Overgrowth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Starting from knowledge obtained in our previous studies of experimental dysraphism in chick embryos, the entity of neuronal over-growth observed in exencephaly was further investigated. The ontogenic expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and somatostatin was analyzed both in chick exencephaly of the natural product and in normal chick fetuses by carrying out immunohistochemical studies. In normal fetuses, immunostained elements positive for NSE first appeared in the spinal gray matter on postincubation day 16 and increased in intensity during the fetal period. By postnatal day 2, the cerebral peduncle, brain stem neurofibers, molecular layer of the cerebellum, corpus striatum, and piriform cortex became immunoreactive. No immunohistochemical reaction to VIP was observed during these stages. Somatostatin-positive elements were not identified during the fetal period, except in limited regions, such as the corpus striatum, which appeared to have weakly positive straining on day 21. The exencephalic fetuses, however, demonstrated extremely advanced neuronal maturation, with intense immunoreactivity already being manifest in various regions, including the corpus striatum, piriform cortex, spinal gray matter, and brain stem nuclei, on day 16 of the fetal period. Somatostatin-positive elements also appeared at this stage in chick exencephaly, but such immunoreactivity was localized, particularly in the overgrown foci. The present study showed that the neuronal maturation process in some neurons of exencephalic brain and spinal cord was definitely further advanced than that in normal controls. A possible clinical application of NSE and somatostatin measurement as markers for dysraphic states in the fetus is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00822839
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new experimental model of obstructive hydrocephalus in the rat: the micro-balloon technique (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 250-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Hydrocephalus model ; Kaolin ; Micro-balloon ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We used three types of specialized micro-balloons 0.7–1.35 mm in outer diameter instead of kaolin to develop a reproducible rat model of hydrocephalus with a low experimental mortality. The micro-balloon was inserted 6 mm deep into the cisterna magna via a burr hole immediately behind the lambda. The angle of introduction was 50°. We also set up kaolin-induced hydrocephalic models in 25 rats as controls. The kaolin model revealed 52% mortality with an 80% induction rate of hydrocephalus, while the balloon model showed 9% mortality with a 60% induction rate. Balloon-induced hydrocephalus was maximal at 1 week and tended to decrease after 2–3 weeks. The pathological findings were not different between the two models. We concluded that the micro-balloon model for hydrocephalus is an easily reproducible model with low experimental mortality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050385
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Congenital frontal bone defect with intact overlying scalp (1993)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 9 (1993), S. 485-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Congenital skull defect ; Frontal bone ; Regeneration ; Cranioplasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An unusual case of a congenital frontal bone defect with intact overlying scalp and intact underlying dura mater is reported. Although spontaneous healing by the intact underlying dura mater by regeneration was expected, it did not occur. Cranioplasty was done for protective and cosmetic purposes. A review of the literature of congenital skull defects shows that spontaneous regeneration does not occur in this rare anomaly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393559
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological changes in the midbrain around the aqueduct in congenital hydrocephalic rat LEW/Jms (1992)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 8 (1992), S. 394-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Aqueductal stenosis ; Congenital hydrocephalus ; Subcommissural organ ; Inbred rat (LEW/Jms)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary aqueductal stenosis is one of the main causes of congenital hydrocephalus in humans and experimental models. The congenitally hydrocephalic rat strain LEW/Jms is one such model. In this report, we describe further detailed histological features of periaqueductal structure, including the posterior commissure, subcommissural organ (SCO), and ependyma, and discuss the changes in these structures in relation to the cause of hydrocephalus. Coronal sections of the aqueduct in normal rats showed that the usual ependyma was absent in the center of the base facing the dorsal side, which was replaced by tall columnar cells. On the other hand, in hydrocephalic rats the ependyma encircled the aqueductal cavity. In midline sagittal sections, normal and hydrocephalic rats showed the SCO, although the SCO in hydrocephalic rats was shorter than in normal rats. There was also a marked difference between normal and hydrocephalic rats in the dorsoventral dimension of the rostral midbrain. In hydrocephalus, this dimension was large in comparison with normal rats. The superior collicular commissure located caudal to the posterior commissure ran along the ventral side of the midbrain in rats with hydrocephalus, and there was a cell-depleted area just dorsal to the superior collicular commissure. The same findings were observed from the 17th day of gestation until the postnatal period. Although the role of the SCO has been widely discussed from the viewpoint of secretory function, the present study indicated that this organ might be involved in the formation of the shape of the aqueduct.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304787
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurological and medico-social problems of spina bifida patients in adolescence and adulthood (1996)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 12 (1996), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Spina bifida ; Adulthood ; Natural history ; Long-standing over ventriculomegaly in adult (LOVA) ; Indications for surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chronological changes in the neurological manifestations of spina bifida are well recognized in the early developmental periods: fetal, neonatal, infantile, pre-school and school life. However, little has been written about the medical and medico-social problems of spina bifida patients in adulthood. Patients now in this age group had the condition diagnosed and managed in an era when modern neurosurgical concepts were only just beginning to be established with the aid of invasive methodology. In our series of 141 cases of spina bifida, 18 patients (13.5%) were over 16 years of age. These included 9 cases each of spina bifida aperta (myeloschisis) and spina bifida occulta (spinal lipoma). The ages ranged from 16 to 47 years (mean: 23.5 years) in the former and from 16 to 57 years (mean: 29.2 years) in the latter group. During the long-term follow-up with quantitative analysis of the spinal neurological changes using the spina bifida neurological scale (SBNS), the final outcomes appeared very grave. Except for 1 case in each group-1 grade III in the spina bifida aperta group and 1 grade II in the spina bifida occulta group-all patients over the age of 27 years were classed as having grade IV disease. There were 2 patients with spina bifida aperta in whom postoperative paraplegia appeared after delayed radical repair (at the ages of 3 years and 18 years) and 3 patients with spina bifida occulta in whom obvious neurological deterioration was observed as the natural history with ongoing paraparesis at the spinal level or late onset of sexual problems. The other group included 2 patients with spinal lipoma in whom late neurological deterioration was observed and who were obliged to undergo a second operation in spite of aggressive early procedures performed during infancy. Among the patients with spina bifida aperta, 2 had marked ventriculomegaly as a form of long-standing overt ventriculomegaly in the adult (LOVA). After the CSF shunt procedure both these patients had problems with delicate shunt dependence and requested fine shunt flow regulation. Two patients in this group also suffered from severe depression. This study involves a limited number of patients, but it may be useful for reference on various points: (1) future prospects for the management of pediatric cases of spina bifida as practiced in the majority of hospitals; (2) natural histories of untreated cases and surgical indications for preventive procedure in spinal lipoma in early infancy; and (3) internationally differing levels of management of spina bifida and the historical development of individual countries' approaches to the problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301248
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurovascular developmental interaction: a specific form of vascular maldevelopment in the malformed brain (1996)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 12 (1996), S. 242-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Fetal brain ; Vascular development ; Neuronal maturation ; Overgrowth ; Hypervascularization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The process of the development of the intracranial vessels was studied by means of immunohistochemical analysis of factor VIII in normal and exencephalic chick fetuses. The results revealed that the development of blood vessels in exencephalic brain was far advanced beyond the norm, with intense immunoreactivity to factor VIII on postincubation day 16 exceeding that on day 21 in normal controls. Compared with results regarding the direction of the overgrowth in the neuronal maturation process in the previous study using the chick exencephaly model, the findings of overmatured blood vessels were compatible with NSE- and somatostatin-positive elements that appeared especially in the overgrowth foci. The results of the present study suggested the pathogenic development of the “area cerebrovasculosa” in the neural placode as a phenomenon consequent upon hypervascularization in response to neuronal overgrowth, as seen in human cases of exencephaly or anencephaly. We emphasize the significance of this specific phenomenon in the development of the fetal central nervous system, namely neurovascular developmental interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261803
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controversy pertaining to therapeutic modalities for tumors of the pineal region: a worldwide survey of different patient populations (1992)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 8 (1992), S. 332-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Pineal region tumor ; Germ cell tumor ; Radiation ; Biopsy ; Racial differences ; Age distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The management of tumors of the pineal region differs between Western countries and Japan. This paper reports on a worldwide survey of individual experience and regimens for treating pineal region tumors in different patient populations. Fifteen pediatric neurosurgeons from nine different countries participated in the survey, and a total of 408 pineal region tumors were evaluated. Determination of tumor histology as an initial procedure was strongly supported by the majority of neurosurgeons in North and Central America and Europe (group A), whereas all but one from Asia and Egypt (group B) emphasized initial application of the radiation test. The analysis of patient populations clearly revealed racial differences in tumor type which explain this discrepancy. Germinoma, the most radiosensitive tumor, constituted 43–70% (mean: 53.7%) of tumors in group B, followed by teratoma, pineoplastoma, and others, whereas in group A the incidence of germinoma was only 21–44% (mean: 34.7%), followed by a variety of tumors, such as astrocytoma, pineoblastoma, etc. The age distribution among intracranial germ cell tumors (GCT) obtained from data from the Brain Tumor Registry in Japan also demonstrated clear differences in the incidence of tumor types in different age groups in Japan: while germinoma constituted 70–84% of GCT in patients between the ages of 15 and 35 years, the incidence was much lower before 15 yeras and after 35 years, being 24% of tumors under 4 years and 34% of tumors after 40 years of age. The therapeutic regimen for pineal region tumors should depend on the patient population concerned, because of the differences relating to race and age distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296564
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial comment (1993)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 9 (1993), S. 347-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302039
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrocephalus in premature infants (1989)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 5 (1989), S. 76-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Premature infants ; Hydrocephalus ; Etiology ; Pathophysiology ; Shunt and shunt problems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-onepremature infants with various underlying conditions developed hydrocephalus. The characteristic clinical pictures as well as the therapeutic problems are discussed. The causative underlying conditions included intraventricular hemorrhage in the neonate or fetus, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital malformations such as holoprosencephaly with chromosome anomalies, and others. The pathophysiological aspects were considered to be characterized by the underdevelopment of major cerebrospinal fluid pathway, extremely high intracranial compliance, and demyelinating process of the nervous system. The shunt problems in these patients with such low body weight were also unique, showing an extremely high incidence of postshunt hydrocele, shunt migration into the scrotum, shunt malfunction, slit-like ventricle, and isolated ventricles. Intensive management, combined with better control of the hydrocephalus with these concepts, will help to improve the long-term outcome of these premature infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571114
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