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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    5-Aminolevulinic Acid Induced Endogenous Porphyrin Fluorescence in 9L and C6 Brain Tumours and in the Normal Rat Brain (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 140 (1998), S. 503-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Keywords: Endogenous porphyrins; brain tumour photosensitizer; photodynamic therapy; 5-aminolevulinic acid.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new approach in photodynamic therapy is the use of endogenous porphyrins for sensitisation of tumours to light. The induction of endogenous porphyrins after intravenous injection of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA, 200 mg kg–1 was studied in 23 rats, bearing intracranial 9L or C6 tumours. After 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 22 hours the rats were sacrificed and the fluorescence distribution of endogenous porphyrins was studied in brain tissue sections with a standard fluorescence microscope and a confocal laser scanning microscope. The role of blood-brain barrier disruption on porphyrin production was studied in 2 rats with a cryo-lesion of the cortex. Additionally, 9L and C6 tumour cell cultures were incubated with ALA for 8 hours in vitro. Fluorescence was measured with a fluorescence spectrophotometer in cell cultures and in the brain sections. Porphyrins were detected in vitro in the tumour cells from 2 hours onwards and ex vivo in the tumour sections mainly from 2 to 8 hours, by 22 hours porphyrin fluorescence had almost disappeared. The contralateral brain showed low fluorescence levels between 2 and 6 hours after ALA administration. At the site of the cryo-lesions low fluorescence was measured 6 hours after ALA administration. The 9L tumours fluoresced homogeneously, with a sharp demarcation towards normal brain tissue. Fluorescence in the C6 tumours was patchy, with a poorly fluorescing edge. In both tumour models fluorescence was also detected in brain surrounding the tumour and sometimes in contralateral white matter and ventricle ependyma and pia mater. The slight increase of porphyrins fluorescence in the normal brain of tumour bearing rats, compared to the absence of this in rats without a tumour, was attributed to transport by bulk flow or porphyrins made in the tumours, and possibly also of circulating porphyrins of ALA leaking from the tumour vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007010050132
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements on a dc volume H− multicusp ion source for TRIUMF (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1277-1281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a dc volume H− source, employing multicusp plasma confinement, which has been constructed for use with the TRIUMF cyclotron. An extracted H− current density of 12 mA/cm2 has been obtained. Beam emittance and brightness have been measured as a function of current density and beam fraction. Beam brightness values for normalized beam emittances of the order of 0.2 πmm mrad at 81% beam fraction are typically 10 mA/(mm mrad)2 [equivalent rms B=223 mA/(mm mrad)2].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138642
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficiency and transient time studies of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source for radioactive ion beam production at ISAC/TRIUMF : The 8th international conference on ion sources (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 946-948 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source with a single mode resonator is being developed to produce high efficient single charged ion beams from exiguous gaseous elements. The source is intended to produce short and long half-life radioactive ion beams as well as stable ion beams for low and high energy experiments at ISAC [J. M. Poutissou, Proceedings of the ISAC Workshop (1994)]. It is obvious that for the radioactive ion beam production, the gas and ion transient time and the overall ionization efficiency are the most important parameters. The transient time is measured using ultrafast peizoelectric gas valve which could operate up to a frequency of 2 kHz. A unique feature of the source is that the plasma chamber is considerably smaller (∼170 times) than its resonance cavity in order to minimize the transient time. Quartz tubes with various diameters (5–20 mm) and 80 mm long are tested as the plasma chamber and the results are discussed. The effect of the transfer tube length, which links the target and the ion source on the transient time is also described. An axially symmetric five electrode extraction system containing three multiaperture electrodes was used to extract the beam. The source, including ECR coils and extraction system is placed in the middle of a 60 cm×60 cm×90 cm vacuum box to simulate the ISAC target module conditions. The preliminary results of the molecular and ion transient time studies, beam efficiency studies are also presented in this article. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150353
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Commissioning and initial operation of a radioactive beam ion source at ISAC : The 8th international conference on ion sources (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 978-980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In November of 1998, the ISAC radioactive beam facility at TRIUMF started delivering on-line isotope separated radioactive beams to experiments. A surface ionization source developed for ISAC has been used to commission the mass separator and beam transport systems and is providing radioactive beams to the first generation of ISAC experiments. The ion source is integral with the radioactive beam production target and is designed to be simple, radiation hard, inexpensive, and easily exchanged by remote-handling techniques. The ion source and its extraction column are suspended at the bottom of ∼2 m of steel shielding incorporated in the target module. The module is suspended in a vacuum tank with primary and secondary vacuum systems. All services for the target/ion source and beam extraction system are ducted through the module shielding. The first sets of beam transport elements and beam diagnostic devices are similarly suspended in vacuum at the bottom of two additional shielded modules. Ion beam characteristics can be routinely monitored during on-line operation by a system of Faraday cups, wire scanners, "harp" monitors, and a novel emittance measurement apparatus that can measure beam emittance in both horizontal and vertical planes. The diagnostics devices are capable of resolving beam signals down to the 10 pA range. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150364
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source for the isotope separator and accelerator at TRIUMF : The 8th international conference on ion sources (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 643-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source has been designed and built to ionize radioactive atoms and produce single charged ion beams for the isotope separator and accelerator at TRIUMF. The source is characterized by its short axial length (8 cm) and the small pair of magnetic coils (diam=φ26 cm) placed adjacent to the source cavity. A small diameter quartz tube is inserted in the cavity to confine the plasma to a small volume and to shorten total ion transient time for the exotic gaseous elements with short and intermediate half life. The computer code POISSON is used to design the magnetic coils. A three-electrode extraction system simulated with the code IGUNE is used to study the beam extraction efficiency. In this article the design of the source, extraction system, and the preliminary results on beam emittance and energy spread are presented; the results on ion transient time, ionization efficiency, and beam extraction efficiency are presented in a separate article. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150336
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the positive hydrogen ion production from a small multicusp source : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1395-1397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An rf driven ion source has been developed and tested at LBL for positive hydrogen ion production. Studies of this new source on ion species and current densities for a dc arc discharge are made in the 60-kV PSI ion source test stand and the results compared with those obtained using the rf discharge. This source, using both discharge modes, will be installed in the PSI Cockcroft–Walton preinjector to increase the 870-keV dc proton beam intensity from the present 8–10 mA operation to about 25 mA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144972
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The PSI 870 keV high intensity Cockcroft–Walton preinjector : Proceedings of the fourth International Conference on Ion Sources (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 2714-2716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: As part of the program to increase the beam current from the Paul Scherrer Institute (formerly SIN) 590 MeV proton ring accelerator, a new injector system based on a 72 MeV isochronous cyclotron has been built. The preinjector for the 72 MeV machine consists of a 900 kV, 30 mA dc generator of the Cockcroft–Walton type, a high voltage dome housing a multicusp ion source with a 60 keV beam transport line, and a SF6 insulated acceleration tube. A general description and operational experience of the 870 keV preinjector and progress toward improving the H+ fractional output of the ion source will be given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142832
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    H+ beam neutralization measurements at 870 keV beam energy : Proceedings of the fourth International Conference on Ion Sources (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 2776-2778 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A non-interceptive beam neutralization monitor is being used to measure dc H+ beam neutralization properties in the Paul Scherrer Institute's (PSI) 870 keV pre-injector beamline. This transport line uses quadrupole magnetic lenses to transport the H+ beam from the high voltage column to the injection point of the PSI 72 MeV cyclotron. The monitor is a gridded-energy analyzer type, and both positive ion and electron energy distributions are measured. The monitor's energy resolution is measured to be ≈0.9 eV using a 12–30 eV electron gun. Complications in the measured energy distributions−apparently arising from the contaminant H2+ and H3+ beams−are resolved by changing the beam aspect ratio. Collimator biasing and collimator beam scraping have large effects on electron currents. An 870 keV, 8.2 mA dc H+ beam is found to be 10–62% neutralized, depending on the neutralizing gas and density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142802
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Profile measurements of high intensity-low energy ion beams : Proceedings of the 6th international conference on ion sources (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1246-1248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A noninterceptive beam profile monitor based on the measurement of the light arising from the collision of the beam with the residual gas is being implemented in the 60 and 870 keV high intensity dc-beam lines of the Paul Scherrer Institute accelerator complex. Beam profiles measured with this monitor are compared to those obtained with a calorimeter at 60 keV, and with a wire scanner at 870 keV. Wire scanners are presently used in the 870 keV beam line. Because of heat load limitations in the scanner wires the beam has to be pulsed when profiles are taken. However, because of space charge neutralization effects, the profile of a pulsed beam may differ from that of a dc beam. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146687
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumentation for ion sources and low energy beam transport systems (invited) (abstract)a) : Proceedings of the 6th international conference on ion sources (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1270-1270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this article we describe computer-based instrumentation to control and optimize the operation of an ion source, and schemes to measure beam properties in low energy beam transport lines. Emphasis is given to the methods used at the accelerator complex of the Paul Scherrer Institute. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146858
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