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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triterpeneglycosides as Inhibitors of Fungal Growth and Metabolism 6. The Effect of Aescin on Fungi with Reduced Sterol Contents (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 29 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The amount of sterols in the mycelia of Ophiobolus gra-minis and Neurospora crassa was reduced by cultivating the fungi in the presence of inhibitors of the sterol synthesis. The hypocholesteraemic compounds β-diethylaminoethyl-(2.2-diphenylpentanoate) hydrochloride (SK & F 525-A) and 2.2-diphenyl -1 -(β- dimethylaminoethoxy)pentane hydrocchloride (SK & F 3301-A) were particularly effective in reducing the sterol contents. At the same time, the growth yield was reduced. Aescin had a reduced inhibitory effect on the radial growth of the mycelia with decreased sterol contents, the leakage of UV-absorbing substances and K+ ions was reduced to small amounts, and the inhibition of the K+ uptake was nullified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1973.tb03082.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triterpeneglycosides as Inhibitors of Fungal Growth and Metabolism 8. Induced Leakage of Nucleotide Materials (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 33 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Addition of aescin to mycelia of Ophiobolus graminis and Neurospora crassa induced leakage of ribonucleotide material together with pentose phosphate or pentose.In O. graminis a rapid release of mono- and dinucleotides together with nucleosides and pentose occurred. In addition some oligonucleotides were released during the first 30 min of the treatment. A slow leakage of polynucleotides was also observed.In N. crassa aescin induced only slight leakage during the first hour, and the mono- and dinucleotide leakage was actually decreasing. From that time on, however, a rapid release of mono- and dinucleotides together with nucleosides and pentose phosphate or pentose was observed. Only small amounts of poly- and oligonucleotides leaked and the cell content of oligonucleotides seemed to be released only during the last hour of the treatment period.In Aspergillus niger, which was insensitive to the inhibitor, aescin only induced leakage of pentose or pentose phosphate and small amounts of mono- and dinucleotides.Loss of viability in mycelia of O. graminis and N. crassa seemed to be correlated with the loss of oligonucleotides from the cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1975.tb03769.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triterpeneglycosides as Inhibitors of Fungal Growth and Metabolism (1971)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 24 (1971), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Avenacin, the resistance factor ioat roots against Ophiobolus graminisi ν graminis, and a related triterpeneglycoside, aescin, inhibited growth of various fungi, while the growth of a few fungi was unaffected.The triterpenoidal saponins tested seemed to be fungicidal, as the mycelia did not grow after exposure to the inhibitors. The fungicidal effect, however, depended on the medium used. The inhibitors did not seem to act primarily on the endogenous respiration, since the oxygen uptake, although much reduced, continued after the time required to destroy the growth capacity. The leakage of UV-absorbing substances from fungi, sensitive to the inhibitors, and the decrease of UV-absorbing substances in the transient pool of the cells indicate a change in the cell membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1971.tb03531.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methoxyhydroquinone, a Growth Inhibitor of Ophiobolus graminis, in Leaves of Oat Seedlings (1971)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 24 (1971), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A methanol extract of leaves of oat seedlings grown in sand cultures in the dark contained a compound which inhibited the growth of Ophiobolus graminis. The inhibitory factor was isolated and proved to be present in the plant as methoxyhydroquinone glucoside. The glucoside was readily hydrolysed to the corresponding aglucone. The methoxyhydroquinone, or possibly its oxydation product, methoxy-P-benzoquinone, was inhibitory to both Ophiobolus graminis var. graminis and Ophiobolus graminis var. avenae, whereas Fusarmm oxysporum var. lycopcrsici was not affected. Synthetic methoxyhydroquinone at 80 mg/l gave a 100% inhibition of Ophiobolus graminis var. graminis. After being exposed to 80 mg/l of the inhibitor for 24 h the mycelium was unable to initiate growth when transferred to a fresh nutrient solution. Only extracts from young leaves showed inhibitory activity, extracts from mature leaves giving no inhibition. The hydroquinone, or its glucoside, was not detected in roots of young seedlings, where avenacin was the only antifungal compound present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1971.tb06711.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triterpeneglycosides as Inhibitors of Fungal Growth and Metabolism (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 30 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Aescin in phosphate buffer reduced, to some extent, the production of 14CO2 from uniformly labelled glucose in mycelia of Ophiobolus graminis and Neurospora crassa, whereas aescin in succinate buffer had no effect. The enzymatic hydrolysis of sucrose was, however, severely affected, no production of 14CO2 from labelled sucrose being found after treatment of mycelia of O. graminis with 100 mg/l of aescin and N. crassa with 300 mg/l for 90 and 300 min, respectively. In Aspergillus niger the production of 14CO2 from glucose or sucrose was not affected. The ATPase in whole cells and isolated plasma membranes was not inhibited by the aescin treatment, on the contrary, the ATPase in whole cells of N. crassa was somewhat stimulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1974.tb03656.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triterpeneglycosideg as Inhibitors of Fungal Growth and Metabolism (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 28 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ergosterol was found to be the main sterol in the mycelia of Opbiobolus graminis, Neurospora crassa, and Aspsrgillus niger, A correlation was found between the amount of sterols in the mycelia of different fungi and the inhibitory effect of aescin. Aescin treatment caused a reduction of the amount of extractable sterols in the mycelia. The sterols seemed to be located mainly in the plasma membranes, and only trace amounts were Found in the mitochondrial membranes.The relative amount of sterols in the plasma membrane was found to be higher in O. graminis than in N. crassa and A. niger.Ca2+ interfered with the interaction, of sterols and aescin. In N. crassa the decreased inhibitory effect of aescin in the presence of Ca2+ was due to the reduced binding of the inhibitor to the sterols in the plasma membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1973.tb08598.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triterpeneglycosides as Inhibitors of Fungal Growth and Metabolism 3. Effect on Uptake of Potassium, Magnesium and Inorganic Phosphate (1971)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 25 (1971), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A venacin, the resistance factor in oat roots against Ophiobolus graminis var. graminis, and a related triterpeneglycoside, aescin, inhibited the uptake of K+ and Mg2+ in the fungal mycelium both in phosphate and succinate buffers. The uptake of the cations in Neurospora crassa was similarly inhibited when the inhibitors were dissolved in phosphate or acetatebuffer, while no decrease in the uptake of K+ and Mg2+ was observed when the inhibitors were dissolved in succinate buffer. The uptake of cations in Aspergillus niger and Pythium irregulare was more or less unaffected by aescin. The uptake of inorganic phosphate was in no case inhibited, but some decrease of the accumulation of inorganic phosphate in Ophiobolus graminis and Ncurospora crassa due to inhibitor treatment in phosphate buffer was observed.No accumulation of Ca2+ was observed in any of the tested fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1971.tb01480.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aromatic Substances in Leaves of Populus tremula as Inhibitors of Mycorrhizal Fungi (1971)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 25 (1971), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The inhibitory principles of aqueous extracts of aspen leaves, acting upon mycorrhizal fungi of forest trees, were isolated by extraction with ethyl acetate and chromatography on silicic acid. Two inhibitors were identified as benzoic acid and catechol by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. When added to a synthetic medium, these substances had a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of different Boletus-species and a weaker inhibitory effect on litter-decomposing Marasmius-species. When the fraction of the extract which was not soluble in ethyl acetate was included in the medium, the aromatic compounds still inhibited the mycorrhizal fungi while the growth of the litter-decomposers was stimulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1971.tb01100.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triterpeneglycosides as Inhibitors of Fungal Growth and Metabolism (1972)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 27 (1972), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The inhibitory effect of the triterpeneglycosides aescin and avenacin on growth capability, leakage of organic and inorganic substances, and uptake of potassium ions in Ophiobolus graminis and Neurospora crassa was antagonized by the cations Ca2+ and Mg2+, the former having the greatest effect. The effect was different in the two fungi and was influenced by the buffer system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1972.tb03601.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triterpeneglycosides as Inhibitors of Fungal Growth and Metabolism (1971)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 25 (1971), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A venacin, the resistance factor in oat roots against Ophio-bolus graminis var. graminis, and a related triterpeneglycoside, aescin, induced a rapid release of K+ from mycelia of Opbio-bolus graminis and Neurospora crassa, suspended in phosphate buffer. N. crassa also released Mg2+ whereas no outflux of Mg2+ was found from O. graminis.The inhibitors induced a release of inorganic phosphate into acetate buffer from Neurospora crassa. The amount of inorganic phosphate in the mycelia decreased when O. graminis and N. crassa were treated with the inhibitors in phosphate buffer. In other media the inhibitors had weak or no effects on the ion contents of the mycelia.The effect of aescin was low in Aspergillus niger and nil in Pythium irregulare. However, high amounts of K+, Mg2+, and phosphate ions were lost to the medium when the mycelium of P. irregulare, washed with distilled water, was suspended in different buffers. The ions lost were reabsorbed during the experimental period. The leakage of ions indicates that the plasma membrane of the growth sensitive fungi is severely affected by the inhibitors, while a corresponding effect on the growth insensitive fungi does not take place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1971.tb01429.x
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