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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 10 (1968), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Vascular permeability ; Development of BBB ; Fluorescein labeled protein transfer ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Untersuchung der Permeabilität der Hirngefäße für Albumin im Verlaufe der Entwicklung durchgeführt. Fluorescenz-markiertes Rinder-Serumalbumin wurde in eine Schwanzvene von neugeborenen, jungen und erwachsenen Ratten sowie in die Umbilicalarterie von Embryonen zwischen dem 15. und 21. Schwangerschaftstag injiziert. Die Verteilung der markierten Substanz wurde fluorescenzmikroskopisch nachgewiesen. In den Gehirnen embryonaler und postnataler Ratten war das fluorescenzmarkierte Albumin streng auf das Lumen der Blutgefäße beschränkt, während im subeutanen Gewebe eine erhebliche extravasale Passage nachgewiesen werden konnte. Die Befunde sprechen dafür, daß bei Rattenembryonen die Hirngefäße zumindest ab dem 15. Schwangerschaftstag für Albumin undurchlässig sind.
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the permeability of cerebral blood vessels to albumin during development. Fluorescent labeled bovine serum albumin was injected into a tail vein of newborn, young and adult rats and into the umbilical artery of embryos from the fifteenth to the twenty-first day of pregnancy. The distribution of the tracer was ascertained by means of fluorescence microscopy. In the brains of the embryos and postnatal rats the fluorescent albumin was strictly confined to the lumen of the blood vessels, while considerable extravascular passage was observed in subcutaneous tissue. The results indicate that in rat embryos the cerebral blood vessels are impermeable to albumin at least as early as the fifteenth day after fertilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 145-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Exogenous Proteins ; Olfactory Sensory Cells ; Pinocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Protein tracers (albumin labelled with Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase) were instilled through the nostrils into the nasal cavities of mice. At varying time intervals thereafter the olfactory epithelium, nerves and bulbs were examined with regard to the cytological localization of the tracers. Light and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the tracers rapidly accumulated in epithelial cells, including nerve cells of the mucosa. This was confirmed ultrastructurally. Peroxidase was found in small vesicles in the bulbous apical endings of the dendrites, which extend beyond the free surface of the epithelium. Both tracers were also seen in the submucosa, fila olfactoria, olfactory glomeruli and leptomeninges around the olfactory bulbs. The sensory nerve cells in the olfactory epithelium of mice, therefore, have the capacity to take up protein tracers from the nasal cavities. Exogenous proteins can reach the olfactory bulbs from the nasal cavities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain Concussion ; Repeated Trauma ; Pathophysiological ; Response ; Vascular Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Repeated trauma to the human skull has been claimed to cause brain damage and various groups of symptoms, stationary or progressive, different from the effect of single trauma. The effect of direct repeated loading (fluid-volume pulses) of the rabbit brain was compared with that of single loading to prove hypothesis of previously reported changes of concussive reactions during series of similar blows to intact skulls. Changes in respiration, pulse frequency and blood pressure were recorded and changes of vascular permeability and extravasation of proteins in brain stem and upper cervical cord were studied within a few hours after the completion of the experiments. Volume-pressure pulses to the skull content were repeated within various levels of magnitudes up to ten subsequent loadings. Above the concussive level repeated trauma resulted in additional effects of injuries. In the subconcussive range no change of response was noted during the series of traumata compared with the effect of single loading.—Trauma to the intact skull may give change of properties of extracerebral tissues accounting for alteration of response of the central nervous system from subsequent traumata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Arterial Hypertension ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Protein Tracers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung akuter Hypertension auf die Blut-Hirnschranke für Proteine wurde untersucht. Die arterielle Blutdrucksteigerung wurde durch. i.v. Verabreichung von Metaraminol-bitartrat (Aramine®) erzeugt. Als Schrankenindikator wurde Evansblau verwendet. Multiple Herde von Evansblau-Extravasaten fanden sich in der grauen Hirnsubstanz frühestens 10 min nach plötzlicher Steigerung des Blutdruckes um 90 mm Hg oder höher. Fluorescenzoptische Untersuchungen ergaben, daß der Indicator durch die Wand der intracerebralen Gefäße ausgetreten war und sich in zahlreichen benachbarten Nervenzellen angesammelt hatte. EEG-Ableitungen der blau angefärbten Rindenareale ergaben Veränderungen der neuronalen Aktivität.
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the effect of acute hypertension on the blood-brain barrier to proteins. The arterial blood pressure was raised by intravenous injections of metaraminol bitartrate (Aramine) and Evans Blue was used as protein tracer. Multiple foci Evans Blue extravasation became evident in the gray matter of the brain as early as 10 min after the sudden increase of blood pressure by 90 mm Hg or higher. As observed under the fluorescence microscope, the tracer had penetrated the walls of intracerebral vessels and accumulated in numerous adjacent neurons. EEG recordings from blue stained areas of the cerebral cortex showed changes in neuronal activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Vascular Permeability ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Dextrans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Golden hamsters received i.v. injections of dextrans labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-Dextran). After 4 hrs samples from the cerebral hemispheres, Gasserian ganglia and sciatic nerves were fixed either by immersion in formalin or by cardiac perfusion with the same fixative. The distribution of the tracer was then studied by fluorescence microscopy of thin frozen sections. With this simple technique FITC-Dextrans could easily be detected in tissue sections. The tracers used (mol. w. 19000 and 154000) spread in the same way as fluorochrome-labelled albumin, remaining in the lumen of cerebral vessels but leaking extensively from vessels in the ganglia. FITC-Dextrans thus appear to be very useful tracers for vascular permeability studies of nervous tissue since dextrans can be obtained in a wide range of molecular weights. FITC-Dextrans can also be subjected to microscopic and quantitative studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Hypothermia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) ; Rat ; Spinal cord injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Systemic hypothermia has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental ischemic CNS models caused by vascular occlusions. The present study addresses the question as to whether systemic hypothermia has similar neuroprotective qualities following severe spinal cord compression trauma using microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunohistochemistry combined with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method as marker to identify neuronal and dendritic lesions. Fifteen rats were randomized into three equally sized groups. One group sustained thoracic laminectomy, the others severe spinal cord compression trauma of the T8-9 segment. The control group contained laminectomized animals submitted to a hypothermic procedure in which the esophageal temperature was reduced from 38 °C to 30 °C. The two trauma groups were either submitted to the same hypothermic procedure or kept normothermic during the corresponding time. All animals were sacrificed 24 h following the surgical procedure. The MAP2 immunostaining in the normothermic trauma group indicated marked reductions in MAP2 antigen in the cranial and caudal peri-injury zones (T7 and T10, respectively). This reduction was much less pronounced in the hypothermic trauma group. In fact, the MAP2 antigen was present in almost equally sized areas in both the hypothermic groups independent of previous laminectomy alone or the addition of trauma. Our study thus indicates that hypothermia has a neuroprotective effect on dendrites of rat spinal cords subjected to compression trauma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 11 (1968), S. 201-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Vascular Permeability ; Brain Concussion ; Evans Blue ; Serum Albumin ; Pressure Pulse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Dauer der gesteigerten cerebrospinalen Gefäßpermeabilität bei Kaninchen, an denen Zeichen experimenteller Hirnerschütterung durch kurzen intrakraniellen Druckanstieg erzeugt worden waren, wurde nach intravasaler Injektion eines Fluorescenz-indicators in verschiedenen Zeitabständen bis zu 2 Tage nach der plötzlichen Belastung des Gehirns untersucht. Eine deutliche Extravasation des fluorescierenden Indicators fand sich in den lateralen Anteilen des Hirnstammes und verschiedenen Abschnitten des rostralen Halsmarks unmittelbar nach Wer Einwirkung einer Concussionsreaktion. Die Gefäßpermeabilität war bereits 1 Std nach Wirkung des intrakraniellen Druckpulses praktisch wieder normal. 12–18 Std später war keine Tracersubstanz extravasal mehr nachweisbar. Die initiale Steigerung der Gefäßpermeabilität bei dieser Art von experimenteller Gehirnerschütterung ist demnach nur von kurzer Dauer. Das mag von Bedeutung für die früheren Beobachtungen sein, daß der aus den Gefäßen ausgetretene Indicator keine wesentliche örtliche Ausbreitung im Hirnstamm und Halsmark zeigt.
    Notes: Summary The duration of increase of cerebrospinal vascular permeability in rabbits, in which signs of experimental brain concussion were produced by induction of a brief intracranial pressure pulse, was studied after intravascular injection of a fluorescent permeability indicator at various intervals of up to two days after the sudden loading of the brain. A marked extravasation of the fluorescent indicator was observed within lateral parts of the brain stem and various parts of the upper cervical cord immediately after the induction of a concussive reaction. Vascular permeability was practicaly normal again as soon as one hour after the induction of the intracranial pressure pulse and 12–18 hours later no fluorescent indicator was observed extravascularly. The initial increase of vascular permeability in this type of experimental brain concussion is thus of only short duration. This may be a factor of importance with respect to previous observations, that the extravasated indicator does not migrate substantially in the brain stem and cervical cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 11 (1968), S. 69-81 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Globoid Cell Leucodystrophy ; Peripheral Neuropathy ; Granular Substances ; Cerebroside ; Degeneration of Dorsal Root Ganglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Biopsie- und Autopsiematerial des peripheren Nervensystems von sechs Fällen mit Globoidzell-Leukodystrophie (Typ Krabbe) wurde einer sorgfältigen lichtoptischen Untersuchung unterzogen. Die histochemischen Methoden zur Untersuchung der Lipide (Adams et al.) wurden an vier autoptisch untersuchten Fällen angewandt. Die peripheren Nerven zeigten schwere degenerative Veränderungen der Axone und Markscheiden mit Endoneuralfibrose und perivasaler Anhäufung von Histiocyten. Die lipidhistochemische Untersuchung ergab den Nachweis großer Mengen einer granulären Substanz, die offenbar in den Schwann-Zellen und endoneuralen Phagocyten enthalten ist. Eine Komponente dieser Substanz ist wahrscheinlich Cerebrosid. Sudanophile Abbauprodukte waren nicht nachweisbar. Die spinalen Vorder- und Hinterwurzeln zeigten deutliche Degeneration der Axone und Markscheiden. Die Hinterwurzelganglien boten schwere degenerative Veränderungen der Neurone, vermutlich infolge retrograder Degeneration, verbunden mit starker Proliferation der Kapselzellen und interstitiellen Zellen. Die erhobenen Befunde zeigen, daß bei der Krabbeschen Erkrankung schwere degenerative Veränderungen nicht nur im ZNS, sondern auch im peripheren Nervensystem auftreten. Wahrscheinlich stellen die Markscheidenveränderungen in den peripheren Nerven eine essentielle Manifestation der dieser Erkrankung zugrunde liegenden Stoffwechselstörung dar.
    Notes: Summary Biopsy and autopsy material, from the peripheral nervous system of six subjects with globoid cell leucodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) was subjected to detailed light microscopic examination. The lipid histochemical methods (Adams et al.) were used for the peripheral nerves from four subjects on whom autopsy was performed. The peripheral nerves presented severe degenerative changes in the axons and myelin sheaths, associated with endoneurial fibrosis and perivascular accumulations of histiocytes. Lipid histochemical examination showed the presence of large amounts of a granular substance, apparently contained in the Schwann cells and the endoneurial phagocytes. One component of this substance is, most probably, cerebroside. No sudanophilic breakdown products were found. Both ventral and dorsal spinal nerve roots showed marked degeneration of the axons and myelin sheaths. Dorsal root ganglia presented severe degenerative changes in neurons, most probably due to retrograde degeneration, and associated with intense proliferation of capsule cells and interstitial cells. Thus, in Krabbe's disease, severe degenerative changes may occur not only in the central but also in the peripheral nervous system. Most probably, the myelin sheath changes in the peripheral nerves, are essentially a manifestation of the basic metabolic disturbance in this disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 41 (1978), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Silver-gold impregnation ; Axonal stain ; Neurofibrillary changes ; Multiple sclerosis plaques ; Museles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A silver-gold impregnation technique for routine neuropathological use is presented. It is easy to perform, gives reproducible results and the ingredients are chemically well characterized. It has been successfully applied to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material from human brain, where nerve cell processes, neurofibrillary changes and melanin-containing neurons are distinctly visualized. Axons in peripheral nerves are impregnated and cross striations in muscle cells can also be demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 6 (1966), S. 231-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurde die Wirkung von Galaktocerebrosiden und Sulfatiden aus menschlichem Gehirn und von Glucocerebrosiden aus menschlicher Milz auf verschiedene Zellarten in Gewebskulturen von Rattenretina und Kleinhirn. Nach dem Zusatz von Galakto- oder Glucocerebrosiden wurde die Entstehung von ein- und mehrkernigen Riesenzellen aus der mesenchymalen Zellschicht gefunden. Das granuläre Cytoplasma dieser Zellen färbte sich intensiv mit PAS. Das positiv gefärbte Material wurde bei der Fettextraktion zum Teil gelöst. Nach dem Zusatz von Sulfatiden konnte eine rasche celluläre Aufnahme der Lipoide in einkernige Phagocyten, aus der mesenchymalen Zellschicht beobachtet werden. Das Cytoplasma erfüllte sich mit Körnchen, die sich mit essigsaurem Kresylviolettv. Hirsch u.Peiffer metachromatisch braun färbten. Daraus geht unmittelbar hervor, daß in Nervengewebskulturen nach dem Zusatz von Cerebrosiden und Sulfatiden Mesenchymzellen in Zellen mit den morphologischen und histochemischen Eigenschaften, wie sie für die Globoidzellen der Krabbeschen Krankheit und die metachromatischen Körnchenzellen der Erwachsenenfälle von metachromatischer Leukodystrophie charakteristisch sind, umgewandelt werden.
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the effect of galactocerebrosides and sulphatides isolated from the human brain and glucocerebrosides from the human spleen on various cell types in tissue cultures from rat retina and cerebellum. After the addition of either galacto- or glucocerebrosides, mono- and multinucleated giant cells were found deriving from the mesenchymal monolayer. The granular cytoplasm of these cells stained intensely with the periodic acid-Schiff method. The positively stained material was partly dissolved by lipid extraction. After the addition of sulphatides, a rapid cellular uptake of the lipids could be observed in mononuclear phagocytes deriving from the mesenchymal monolayer. The cytoplasm became filled with granules staining metachromatically brown by cresyl violet-acetic acid according tov. Hirsch andPeiffer. Thus direct evidence, has been presented that in cultures from nervous tissue after the addition of cerebrosides and sulphatides, mesenchymal cells can be transformed into cells having the morphological and histochemical properties which characterize the globoid cells in Krabbe's disease and the metachromatic granular cells in adult cases of metachromatic leucodystrophy.
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