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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction of insulin with ethyl glycinate and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (1970)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 9 (1970), S. 2158-2163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00812a019
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal development of thyrotrophs in the rat anterior pituitary as studied by immunogold electron microscopy (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Thyrotroph (TSH cell) ; Anterior pituitary ; Immunogold electron microscopy ; Postnatal development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyrotrophs (TSH cells) of the rat anterior pituitary identified by immunogold electron microscopy were classified into three subtypes according to their morphological characteristics: Immature type TSH cells are oval with a few small secretory granules (50–100 nm in diameter) and poorly developed cell organelles. These cells are frequently found in the neonatal stage between birth and 10 days of age. The intermediate type is polygonal or stellate, containing a moderate number of medium sized secretory granules (80–120 nm in diameter) and moderately or well developed cell organelles. Cells of this type are often found between 10 and 30 days of age. Mature type cells are large and polygonal in shape, and contain many large secretory granules (120–180 nm in diameter) and well developed cell organelles. Cells of the last type are frequently found at more than 30 days of age. At 45 days of age the mature type TSH cells make up about 70% of all TSH cells. The proportion of immature type cells was shown to decrease while the proportion of the mature type TSH cells increases, as the animal grows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309773
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real-time imaging of glucocorticoid receptor dynamics in living neurons and glial cells in comparison with non-neural cells (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To investigate the intracellular trafficking of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in response to various conditions in a single living cell, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and rat GR chimera construct (GFP-GR) was prepared. We transiently transfected GFP-GR into primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons, cortical glial cells, and non-neural cells, e.g. COS-1 cells and CV-1 cells, and compared the dynamic changes in subcellular localization of GFP-GR in these cells. When GFP-GR was expressed in the cells, GFP-GR efficiently transactivated the mouse mammary tumour virus promoter in response to dexamethasone (DEX). The cytoplasm-to-nuclear translocation of GFP-GR induced with 10–7 m DEX, a specific agonist of GR, at 37 °C was completed within 30 min in all cell types used, and the rate of nuclear translocation was dependent on the ligand dose. The translocation of GFP-GR into the nucleus from the cytoplasm was induced in a ligand-specific manner, similar to that of the native GR. The disruption of microtubules by colchicine or nocodazole showed no significant effect on the DEX-induced GFP-GR translocation from the cytoplasmic region to the nuclear region. The cells were not deteriorated during time-lapse imaging analysis for 1 h at 37 °C. The present findings suggest that the subcellular localization of GFP-GR is dynamically changed in response to extracellular and intracellular conditions, and that there are no conspicuous variations in the manner of trafficking of GR among different types of cells in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00616.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic Loss of Glucocorticoids Following Adrenalectomy Down-regulates the Expression of Glucocorticoid Receptor mRNA in the Rat Forebrain (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 9 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the negative feedback model, loss of endogenous glucocorticoids up-regulates the expression of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA. To elucidate further the effect of chronic lack of glucocorticoids on the expression of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and protein, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical methods were used to examine the long-term alteration of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and its immunoreactivity in the forebrain of adrenalectomized rats. Constant lack of glucocorticoids resulted in marked decrease in the expression of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and disappearance of glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in many forebrain structures. In particular, in the suprapyramidal blade of the hippocampal granule cell layer and cerebral cortex, many cells showed almost no glucocorticoid receptor mRNA signals. These results suggest that long-term loss of endogenous glucocorticoids down-regulates the levels of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA, leading to reduction in the synthesis of glucocorticoid receptors in the rat forebrain. Therefore, the presence of endogenous glucocorticoids is vital to the continued expression of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01536.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurons expressing relaxin 3/INSL 7 in the nucleus incertus respond to stress (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Relaxin 3/INSL 7 has recently been identified as a new member of the insulin/relaxin superfamily. Although it was reported to be dominantly expressed in the brain, its detailed distribution and function in the central nervous system are still obscure. In the present study we demonstrated that in the rat relaxin 3 was mainly expressed in neurons of the nucleus incertus (NI) of the median dorsal tegmental pons. Other relaxin 3-expressing neurons were scattered in the pontine raphe nucleus, the periaqueductal gray and dorsal area to the substantia nigra in the midbrain reticular formation. Relaxin 3-immunoreactive fibers projected particularly densely in the septum, hippocampus, lateral hypothalamus and intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus. Ultrastructural examination revealed that relaxin 3 was localized in the dense-cored vesicles in the perikarya and was also observed in the synaptic terminals of axons. As almost all relaxin 3-containing neurons express corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 1 receptor in the NI, we examined the response of relaxin 3 neurons to intracerebroventricular administration of CRF; 65% of relaxin 3 neurons expressed c-Fos 2 h after intracerebroventricular administration of 1 µg CRF. We then confirmed that c-Fos was induced in 60% of relaxin 3 neurons in the NI and the expression of relaxin 3 mRNA increased significantly in the NI after water-restraint stress. Collectively, these results suggest that relaxin 3 produced in the NI is released from nerve endings and is involved in the regulation of the stress response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03980.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of Glucocorticoid Receptor Immunoreactivity in Gastric Mucosa of Normal and Adrenalectomized Rats (1999)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 44 (1999), S. 2081-2087 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ; PARIETAL CELL ; GASTRIC MUCOSA ; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Glucocorticoids have many effects in thestomach. It is well known that glucocorticoids functionvia the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In this study, GRimmunoreactivity in the gastric mucosa of normal and adrenalectomized (ADX) rats was examinedimmunohistochemically by using specific polyclonalantibodies against rat GR. In the gastric mucosa ofnormal rats, GR immunoreactivity was observed in thenuclei of morphologically identified parietal cells.Double immunohistochemical staining for GR and parietalcell, anti-parietal cell antibody-positive cells alsohad positive immunoreactions for GR. In the gastric mucosa of ADX rats, GR immunoreactivity wasdiminished in the nuclei of parietal cells but weakimmunoreactivity was still observed. These resultssuggest that parietal cells in the gastric mucosa ofrats are directly regulated by glucocorticoids viaits receptors. Nuclear GR immunoreactivity in gastricparietal cells is thought to depend on the circulatingligands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026686705421
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changing ultrastructure of thyrotrophs in the rat anterior pituitary after thyroidectomy as studied by immuno-electron microscopy and enzyme cytochemistry (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 405-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Thyroidectomy cell ; Immuno-electron microscopy ; Enzyme cytochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The characteristic ultrastructure of thyrotrophs of the rat anterior pituitary was observed by immuno-electron microscopy and enzyme cytochemistry with increasing time after thyroidectomy (TX). The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) became dilated, the intracisternal granules reacted to serum raised against thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) around 21 days after TX, and lysosomes and peculiar structures with positive acid phosphatase activity were present. The administration of thyroxine (T4) to the thyroidectomized rats resulted in the reformation of secretory granules, a reduction of dilated cisternae of rough ER and the activation of the lysosomal systems. Morphological features indicating that the TX-cells might be derived from growth hormone (GH) cells or cells other than TSH cells, previously suggested by some researchers, were not recognized in the present study. The amount of serum and pituitary TSH was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and correlated well with the morphological changes. These results indicate that the TX-cells are hypertrophied hyperfunctioning TSH cells that have been affected by the lack of negative feedback of thyroid hormone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327274
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo time course of morphological changes and DNA degradation during the degeneration of castration-induced apoptotic prostate cells (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Testosterone ; Cell death ; Lysis ; Pyknosis ; Microscopy ; Apoptotic body ; DNA fragments ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The in vivo time course of the morphological changes and DNA degradation in castration-induced apoptotic prostate cells was studied from the earliest to the latest stage of the degeneration process. To study this problem, we first induced apoptotic prostate cells in rats by castration for 3 days and then promptly and continuously blocked the death of healthy prostatic cells in the castrated rats by in vivo testosterone replacement. Because testosterone replacement could not stop the irreversible lysis of already damaged prostate cells, apoptotic cells at different stages of the degeneration process were eliminated sequentially from the prostate after the healthy prostate cells had been protected. Prostate cells at the earliest stage of apoptosis at the time when the castrated rats received testosterone replacement disappeared last. By tracing the morphological and DNA degradation of apoptotic cells after hormone treatment, we estimated the time course of prostate cell death from the early to the final stage. In the morphological evolution of apoptotic prostate cells, the clumping of nuclear chromatin, the degeneration of cytoplasm and the involution of the cell surface occurred and progressed simultaneously, resulting in the rapid formation of apoptotic bodies that were gradually digested by other cells. The DNA ladders of apoptotic cells were progressively cleaved into a mononucleosomal subunit that was further degraded at an additional site, generating a heterogeneous population of small nucleotides. The final digestion of DNA fragments occurred within the apoptotic bodies. The whole course of prostate cell death after castration took about 44 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051165
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphofunctional study on prolactin-producing cells of the anterior pituitaries in adult male rats following thyroidectomy, thyroxine treatment and/or thyrotropin-releasin hormone treatment (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Prolactin cell ; TRH ; T4 ; Thyroidectomy ; Immuno-electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An immunoelectron-microscopic and morphometric study was carried out on the anterior pituitary prolactin (PRL) cells of adult male Wistar rats treated with a combination of thyroidectomy and administration of L-thyroxine (T4) and/or synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in order to clarify the effects of changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis on the ultrastructure and function of PRL cells. After thyroidectomy, PRL cells underwent atrophy and hypofunction of their cell organelles, but these changes tended to be restored to their normal level by T4 treatment. On the other hand, the administration of TRH to intact rats produced hypertrophy and hyperfunction in the PRL cells, although this treatment had no effect on the PRL cells of thyroidectomized rats. However, treatment with a combination of T4 and TRH had a strong effect and led to hypertrophy and hyperfunction in the PRL cells of thyroidectomized rats. Serum and pituitary PRL levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for a comparison with the morphological results. They correlated well with the morphological changes. These results indicate that TRH stimulates PRL secretion in the presence of thyroid hormone, and that the thyroid hormone plays an important role in the basic maintenance of PRL cell function and its reactivity to TRH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323569
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlled release of drugs from hydrogel matrices (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2089-2098 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of polymers with wide ranges of water absorptivity were prepared and utilized as matrices for the controlled release of drugs. The drugs were introduced into the matrices by use of an appropriate organic solvent. Release rates of erythromycin and erythromycin estolate from hydrogel were analyzed kinetically and found to conform to Higuchi's equation, that is, Mt = A(2DtCsC0)1/2, where Mt is the accumulated amount of released drug at time t, A is the surface area, D is the diffusion coefficient, Cs is the solubility of drug in the hydrogel matrix, and Co is the initial drug content of the preparation in the swollen state. The relationship between the water content of hydrogel and the diffusion coefficient of erythromycin in hydrogel is expressed by the equation D = 3.03 × 10-10 W3.03 (cm2/sec), where W is the water content (%). The release rate of drug can be controlled quantitatively by adjustment of the water content of the hydrogel matrix. A guide to the design for the preparation is suggested.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230719
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