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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uncertainty calculations in the certification of reference materials. 1. Principles of analysis of variance (2000)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 464-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Keywords Reference materials ; Measurement uncertainty ; Analysis of variance ; Homogeneity study ; Stability study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The preparation and certification of reference materials is a rapidly developing area. Many innovative reference materials have limited homogeneity and stability, and, additionally, the uncertainty estimation of the property values must be brought in agreement with the principles of the “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” (GUM). The results of the homogeneity and stability studies must be included to a certain extent in the uncertainty of the property values of the reference material, in order to comply with these requirements. The basic theory needed to accomplish this is essentially the theory of analysis of variance (ANOVA). As GUM also allows alternative evaluations other than Type A evaluations, a reinterpretation of the theory of ANOVA is necessary to establish a model for the certification of reference materials that is widely applicable. For this, analysis of variance can be used as a statistical technique to derive standard uncertainties from homogeneity, stability and characterisation data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690000237
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homogeneity testing of reference materials (1998)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 3 (1998), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Reference material ; Homogeneity testing ; Within-unit heterogeneity ; Between-units heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Homogeneity testing is of the highest importance for the certification of reference materials, as it should demonstrate the validity of the certified values and their uncertainties in the analysis of individual units or portions thereof. However, the conclusions drawn from the results of these studies may often be questioned. It is proposed to improve this situation by quantifying the effect of homogeneity studies in terms of their impact on the uncertainty of certified values. Here it should be noted that the between-units variability directly affects the certified uncertainty, whereas the within-unit inhomogeneity only defines the minimum representative test portion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690050186
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of uncertainty of reference materials (2000)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Certified reference materials ; Uncertainty ; Characterisation ; Uncertainty analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Certification of reference materials is far more than just characterisation of a selected homogeneous batch of material. From the perspective of the ISO Guide on the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) all uncertainty sources relevant to the user of an individual certified reference material (CRM) sample at a moment in time should be part of the CRM uncertainty. This not only includes the full uncertainty of the batch characterisation (rather than the statistical variation), but also all uncertainties related to possible between-bottle variation, instability upon long-term storage and instability during transport to the customer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690050020
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The production of powdered candidate biological and environmental reference materials in the laboratories of the Joint Research Centre (1998)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 360 (1998), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The production of candidate biological and environmental reference materials in the laboratories of the Joint Research Centre, mainly on behalf of BCR, started in 1972 in Ispra and became concentrated in 1984 in Geel. Today, dedicated facilities for the transformation of biological and solid or liquid materials into dry powder samples are in use. The major guidelines followed in the conception of these facilities are described. Some typical examples of facilities developed or adapted to fulfil the specific requirements of professional CRM preparation are discussed, e.g. the whole-Teflon cryo-grinding equipment, the in-line controlled freeze-drier, the special facility for clean and dry handling of powders, the milling with classification equipment and the automation of bottling and labelling operations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050697
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the bronchodilating effect of oxitropium bromide and fenoterol in asthmatic children (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 604-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Asthma ; Oxitropium bromide ; Fenoterol Bronchodilatation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using a randomized double blind study design, the bronchodilating effect of 200 µg inhaled oxitropium bromide (OB) was compared with 200 µg inhaled fenoterol (F) after an interval of 20 min, in 20 asthmatic children aged 12.7 years (range: 4.9–15.1 years), suffering from mild bronchoconstriction (mean forced expiratory volume during ls: 73.4%, range: 51%–85%). Both drugs induced a comparable degree of bronchodilatation and no significant differences were found between the OB group and the F group, suggesting equipotency for both drugs after a 20 min interval, at the 200 µg dose level. Furthermore, a significant improvement of lung function parameters was detected in both groups after subsequent administration of 400 µg F, indicating that inhalation of 200 µg of OB or F results in submaximal bronchodilation in asthmatic children suffering from mild bronchoconstriction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190670
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the bronchodilating effect of three doses of nebulized oxitropium bromide in asthmatic preschool children using the forced oscillation technique (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 329-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Oxitropium bromide  ;  Preschool children  ;   Asthma  ;  Forced␣oscillation technique  ;  Anticholinergic drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the bronchodilating capacity of nebulized oxitropium bromide (OB) in preschool asthmatic children and to determine an appropriate dose for usage in this age group. The trial enrolled 20 patients with moderate to severe stable asthma aged between 3.2 and 6.2 years (mean 4.7). Applying a placebo controlled, double-blind design, the effect of placebo was compared with three different doses of OB (375, 750 and 1500 μg) and with 400 μg fenoterol. The three different doses of OB resulted in a highly significant bronchodilation within 15 min after administration. The observed bronchodilation was comparable between the three doses during the first 2 h. However, after 4 h the lowest dose was significantly less powerful than the highest dose. Compared to the additional bronchodilation induced by fenoterol, no difference was found with the degree of bronchodilation of OB which occurred during the first 2 h. Furthermore, 〈%b〉after 4 h only the lowest dose of OB was significantly less powerful than fenoterol assessed 10 min following a single 400 μg dose. Conclusion Oxitropium bromide is a potent and long-acting bronchodilator in preschool children at a dose of 750 μg and 1500 μg. No side-effects were observed. The exact duration of action remains uncertain, but even 4␣h after inhaling 750 or 1500 μg of OB no additive bronchodilation induced by fenoterol could be observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050611
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the bronchodilating effect of oxitropium bromide and fenoterol in asthmatic children (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 604-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words     Asthma ; Oxitropium bromide ; Fenoterol ; Bronchodilatation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract      Using a randomized double blind study design, the bronchodilating effect of 200 μg inhaled oxitropium bromide (OB) was compared with 200 μg inhaled fenoterol (F) after an interval of 20 min, in 20 asthmatic children aged 12.7 years (range: 4.9–15.1 years), suffering from mild bronchoconstriction (mean forced expiratory volume during ls: 73.4%, range: 51%–85%). Both drugs induced a comparable degree of bronchodilatation and no significant differences were found between the OB group and the F group, suggesting equipotency for both drugs after a 20 min interval, at the 200 μg dose level. Furthermore, a significant improvement of lung function parameters was detected in both groups after subsequent administration of 400 μg F, indicating that inhalation of 200 μg of OB or F results in submaximal bronchodilation in asthmatic children suffering from mild bronchoconstriction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050199
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The preparation of precisely defined lithium isotope mixtures
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytica Chimica Acta 43 (1968), S. 211-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-2670
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003-2670(00)89209-0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction rates at 297 +/- 3 K with O"2, NO and No"2 of the p-fluorobenzyl and the m-fluorobenzyl radicals by discharge flow/laser-induced fluorescence
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Chemical Physics Letters 171 (1990), S. 303-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2614
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0009-2614(90)85368-M
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coupling of gas chromatography and molecular beam/mass spectrometry analytical techniques: Application to flame structure study (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 2828-2835 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new experimental technique coupling both molecular beam and mass spectrometry (MBMS) and gas chromatography (GC) is developed to improve the analysis of low pressure reactive systems using a probe sampling procedure. The sensitivity of gas chromatography is greatly enhanced by using a compression procedure for the samples before injection into the chromatograph, and its selectivity allows one to separate isomers and to study very complex mixtures. By contrast MBMS is well suited to atoms and radical species detection. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the fragmentation pattern of heavy hydrocarbons during MBMS ionization is pointed out and it can be resolved alternatively by GC calibration. The complementarity of these two analytical techniques is demonstrated in the case of low pressure natural gas flames study. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149803
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