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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation of biologically important low molecular weight organic acids from organically enriched sediments in Loch Eil, Scotland, was carried out by extraction of pore water with acidified ethyl acetate. High concentrations of acetic acid, up to 1.8 mg g-1 dry weight of sediment were found at Station E-24. Propionate, butyrate, valerate, lactate and traces of succinate were also found. Succinate was present in significant amounts, 42.2 μg g-1 dry weight of sediment at Station E-70, which received a higher input of organic matter than E-24. Both propionate and succinate were absent from a control station in the Lynn of Lorne where the sediment was low in carbon compared with Loch Eil. In experimental tanks, acetate levels increased as the input of organic carbon (as cellulose) was increased up to a load level of 1.5 g m-2 day-1. Above this, acetate decreased and succinate appeared. Succinate was not detected in low-loaded tanks. Experiments with sieved mud showed a vertical distribution of the different acids with depth. Lactate and succinate reached highest concentration in the 0 to 3 cm layer, acetate at 3 to 6 cm and propionate at 6 to 9 cm. The results are discussed in relation to the role of these acids as food sources and as indicators of biochemical pathways taking place in sediments with different carbon input levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A rapid method for measuring the redox potential (Eh) values of marine sediments is described. This method has been used to relate changes in the areas of highly reduced sediment in a sea loch system to the continuously fluctuating inputs of organic waste from a pulp and paper mill. Subsequent faunal changes in these areas can be related to changes in the measured sedimentary redox level. The method is suggested as a rapid means of assessing the potential impact of an additional organic input to a marine sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Further empirical data are presented to evaluate the method of detecting pollution-induced disturbance in marine benthic communities by a comparison of the distribution of numbers of individuals among species with the distribution of biomass among species. A suggested abbreviated name for the technique is the ABC method (abundance biomass comparison). Application of the technique to new data shows that it is a sensitive indicator of natural physical and biological disturbance as well as pollution-induced disturbance over both spatial and temporal scales. Changes in the configuration of ABC plots during ecological succession are the reverse of those resulting from increased pollution levels. The technique should also be applicable to intertidal sediments, where physical disturbance of the sediment by waves does not appear to preclude its utility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Coordinated environmental, ecological and biochemical studies have been applied to assess the impact of sewage disposal in a fjordic system near Bergen, Norway. The ecological and biochemical effects were studied in 1983 at four sampling locations situated along a spatial gradient of effects of the sewage on conditions in the sediments. Two of the locations, near Dolviken, were found to be considerably affected by the sewage. Relatively few species of macrobenthic invertebrate fauna were present at these locations, and analysis of the distribution of individuals among species indicated distortion of the benthic community structure. On the basis of its distribution along spatial gradients of organic enrichment and various criteria relating to its suitability for biochemical analysis, the polychaete Glycera alba (Müller) was selected as the most suitable pollution-sensitive indicator species for use in the biochemical studies. In individuals from the two affected locations near Dolviken, maximal activities of the regulatory glycolytic enzyme, phosphofructokinase, and the pyruvate oxidoreductase, alanopine dehydrogenase, were very low. Activities of several other enzymes associated with carbohydrate catabolism were also lower in these groups than in the reference group collected from Raunefjorden. The ecological and biochemical measures both corresponded closely with the changes in environmental conditions along the gradient of sewage effects. The results are discussed with reference to earlier coordinated ecological and biochemical investigations carried out in Scotland and Norway and to experimental studies of the effects of pollutants and hypoxia on energy-yielding metabolism of polychaetes. It is suggested that the enzymatic changes in G. alba may be a sensitive component of an integrated metabolic response, which may involve a decrease in glycolytic energy production for the fuelling of muscular activity. Further development of this coordinated ecological and biochemical approach is discussed, with emphasis on its potential utility in the assessment of biological effects of the disposal of organically rich waste materials in coastal waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 33 (1980), S. 340-365 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The scale of waste discharges to the marine environment from the pulp and paper industry in various parts of the world is outlined and a brief description of the major characteristics of such wastes is given. The information available on the direct toxicity of these wastes to marine fauna and flora is assessed including both lethal and sublethal effects. The environmental impact of waste discharge and subsequent ecosystem modifications are considered in detail; the complex adjustments to the nutrient and carbon budgets of the water column and sediment involved in direct alterations to their oxygen balance and other indirect eutrophication effects are described. It is concluded that whereas the direct toxicity of these wastes has minimal effect in the marine environment the complex problems created by increasing the oxygen demand of the receiving waters can have considerable impact in inshore areas. Methods of minimising the effect of such impacts and of forecasting their extent are outlined. “He saw its excreta poisoning the seas. He became watchful” (Hughes, 1970).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: North Sea ; benthic communities ; variability ; natural disturbance ; dominance ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in benthic sedimentary communities in many areas of the northern North Sea in the vicinity of oil and gas fields have been monitored intermittently over the past three decades, in most cases triennially but in some areas annually for short periods. Accumulating evidence from these surveys suggests that large scale temporal variability occurs in both the diversity and structure of these communities on time scales varying from years to decades. A recent change to regional, rather than field based, surveys in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea has provided evidence that spatially such changes occur on broad scales and are not local responses to field based environmental disturbance. The possible factors inducing such changes are reviewed and the relative temporal and spatial stability of benthic infaunal communities in response to fluctuating pelagic conditions and levels of sedimentary disturbance are discussed. It is suggested that broad scale temporal and spatial variability in these benthic communities is driven by climatic forces influencing the overlying water masses but that there may have been some increase in pelagic productivity and/or in benthic pelagic coupling in the area in recent years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 142 (1986), S. 113-119 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: long-term changes ; benthos ; organic enrichment ; temperature anomalies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Population fluctuations over a twenty year period in the macrobenthic communities of Loch Linnhe and Loch Eil, on the western coast of Scotland, are related to changing organic inputs to the area and to long-term temperature changes. It is suggested that the carrying capacity of sedimentary benthos is dependent on organic input, but that the species composition of the communities may be modified by climatic fluctuations acting on the spawning success and subsequent recruitment of particular species. Confirmation of such hypotheses generated from field time-series data should be obtained by experimentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Sediment toxicity ; bioluminescent bacteria ; sediment contamination ; macrofaunal communities ; Sado estuary ; Portugal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results from a sedimentary survey undertaken in July 1992 in the Sado estuary, western coast of Portugal. Sediment samples were taken at 14 sites, corresponding to four organic enrichment gradients, three of which are located close to harbour facilities or to industrial or urban effluent outfalls. The fourth site is located away from direct sources of anthropogenic disturbance. An integrated approach was conducted in order to study the quality status of the superficial sediments, and included 1. the analysis of sediment descriptors and contaminants (grain-size, total organic matter, heavy metals, PCBs), 2. the evaluation of toxicity, using bioluminescent bacteria and the Microtox® solid-phase protocol and 3. the study of macrofaunal communities structure and composition. Most of the sediments showed low IC50 values (high toxicity), while benthic macrofauna did not indicate community disturbance in most of the sites, nor the contaminants analysed provided explanation for the potential toxicity observed. Most of the sediments showed high fines content. A statistical significant relation between fines and IC50 values was found, indicating the sensitivity of the toxicity assessment method for granulometry. This sensitivity might explain the lack of agreement between the IC 50 values and the sediment chemistry-infaunal communities structure. The potential grain-size sensitivity was further analysed using another test sediment from which artificial samples with different sand∶fines ratios were prepared. It is concluded that extreme caution should be used when applying the solid-phase Microtox® protocol to assess the toxicity of natural sediments, covering a range of granulometry and contamination situations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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