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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of particle size on the bioavailability of digoxin (1975)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Particle size ; bioavailability ; digoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The bioavailability of digoxin in three tablets prepared from materials with different particle sizes was measured in healthy volunteers in a cross-over study using an alcoholic solution of digoxin as a reference standard. Its bioavailability in tablets with particle sizes of 7 µ or 13 µ was 78–97% of that of digoxin in solution. The tablet with largest particle size (102 µ) showed markedly lower bioavailability than the reference solution, namely 39%. It is obvious that particle size is an important determinant of the dissolution rate and bioavailability of digoxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00562664
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of metformin after intravenous and oral administration to man (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 16 (1979), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metformin ; biguanides ; pharmacokinetics ; absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of14C-metformin have been studied in five healthy subjects after oral and intravenous administration. The intravenous dose was distributed to a small central compartment of 9.9±1.61 ( $$\bar X$$ ±SE), from which its elimination could be described using three-compartment open model. The elimination half-life from plasma was 1.7±0.1 h. Urinary excretion data revealed a quantitatively minor terminal elimination phase with a half-life of 8.9±0.7 h. After the intravenous dose, metformin was completely excreted unchanged in urine with a renal clearance of 454±47 ml/min. Metformin was not bound to plasma proteins. The concentration of metformin in saliva was considerably lower than in plasma and declined more slowly. The bioavailability of metformin tablets averaged 50–60%. The rate of absorption was slower than that of elimination, which resulted in a plasma concentration profile of “flip-flop” type for oral metformin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00562061
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of chlormethiazole in healthy volunteers and patients with cirrhosis of the liver (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 275-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: chlormethiazole ; cirrhosis of the liver ; antipyrine ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of chlormethiazole after oral and intravenous administration was studied in six healthy volunteers and eight patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. Plasma concentration-time curve after the intravenous infusion could adequately be described by two- or three-compartment open models both in healthy volunteers and in the patients. Based on the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves, the systemic bioavailability of oral chlormethiazole was about ten times greater in the patients than in healthy controls. The elimination of chlormethiazole was relatively less retarded in the patients, as indicated by a decrease of about 30% in its plasma clearance. In the patients the plasma protein binding of chlormethiazole was decreased, but the volume of distribution and half-life of elimination were unchanged. The increase in bioavailability of chlormethiazole was associated with significant alteration in the serum levels of bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, prothrombin-proconvertin activity (P + P) and elimination rate of antipyrine or14C-aminopyrine. The increased bioavailability of oral chlormethiazole was due to impaired first-pass metabolism in the cirrhotic liver. A considerable reduction in dose seems to be indicated if oral chlormethiazole is used in patients with advanced cirrhosis of the liver. A substantial fraction of dose, averaging 15%, was lost during the intravenous infusion, presumably due to adsorption to the infusion tubing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00625801
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of rifampicin treatment on the kinetics of mexiletine (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 261-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: mexiletine ; rifampicin ; kinetics ; enzyme induction ; excretion ; antipyrine clearance ; dosage adjustment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study the effects of enzyme induction on its pharmacokinetics, a single oral dose of the new antiarrhythmic agent mexiletine hydrochloride 400 mg was administered to 8 healthy volunteers before and after treatment with rifampicin 300 mg b.i.d. for ten days. The absorption and distribution of mexiletine were not changed after rifampicin, but its elimination half-life fell from 8.5±0.8 h (mean±SE) to 5.0±0.4 h (p〈0.01), and its nonrenal clearance increased from 435±68 ml/min to 711±101 ml/min (p〈0.01). The mean renal clearance of mexiletine did not change, but it showed an exponential correlation with urinary pH. The amount of unchanged mexiletine excreted in urine over two days decreased from 32±7 to 18±3 mg (p〈0.01). The half-life of antipyrine fell from 11.8±0.4 to 5.5±0.3 h and its clearance increased from 40±3 ml to 74±3 ml/min (p〈0.01). There was a significant (p〈0.05) positive linear correlation between both the half-lives and the clearances of antipyrine and mexiletine. The clearances were positively correlated with serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. The results suggest that the dosage of mexiletine should be adjusted when enzyme inducing drugs are started or stopped during therapy with it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547565
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disopyramide pharmacokinetics in patients with acute myocardial infarction (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: disopyramide ; myocardial infarction ; antiarrhythmic agent ; pharmacokinetics ; protein binding ; intravenous administration ; oral administration ; gastro-intestinal absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study the effects of acute myocardial infarction on the pharmacokinetics of disopyramide a single oral dose of disopyramide base (200 mg) was administered to 6 patients with myocardial infarction both in the acute (Study I) and recovery (Study II) phases. An intravenous tracer dose of14C-disopyramide (2.5 µg/0.3 mg) was given simultaneously with the oral dose. On the basis of the intravenous tracer data, the volume of distribution, binding to plasma proteins, total plasma clearance, renal clearance and elimination half-life of disopyramide and mono-N-dealkyl disopyramide were the same in Studies I and II. The peak serum concentrations of disopyramide after oral dosing in Studies I and II were 2.6±1.2 (SEM) and 6.4±1.9 µg/ml, respectively (p〈0.05), the peak times 3.29±1.22 and 1.21±0.39 h (N.S.) and the AUCINF 38.0±7.7 and 60.7±9.9 µg·h·ml−1 (p〈0.05). The recovery of disopyramide in urine over 3 days averaged 46% and 47% of dose, and that of mono-N-dealkyl disopyramide 22% and 16% of the dose, respectively. Thus, the gastrointestinal absorption of disopyramide was disturbed, resulting in low plasma concentrations after oral dosing, whereas the elimination of disopyramide was unaltered in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00635707
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of oral mexiletine in patients with acute myocardial infarction (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 773-777 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: mexiletine ; myocardial infarction ; pharmacokinetics ; gastro-intestinal absorption ; protein binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study the effects of acute myocardial infarction on its pharmacokinetics a single oral dose of 400 mg mexiletine HCl was administered to seven patients. The study was performed within 24 h of the onset of pain (Study I) and was repeated 10–14 days later, during the recovery phase (Study II). Mexiletine in plasma and urine was quantified by a GLC method. The peak plasma concentrations of mexiletine were 0.65±0.05 (SEM) µg/ml and 1.08±0.11 µg/ml (p〈0.05) in Studies I and II, respectively. The corresponding peak times were 4.68±2.04 h and 1.46±0.17 h (N.S.). The lag time averaged 0.48±0.08 h in Study I and 0.39±0.05 h in Study II (N.S.). The area under the plasma concentration-time curve remained unchanged. The elimination half-life was 15.03±0.61 h and 11.75±0.80 h (p〈0.01) in Studies I and II, respectively. The recovery of unchanged mexiletine in urine and its renal clearance was also the same in both studies. The plasma protein binding of mexiletine was similar in Studies I and II (61±2% and 63±3%; N.S.). Thus, the rate of gastrointestinal absorption of mexiletine was definitely slowed in the acute phase of myocardial infarction, whereas the extent of absorption was not altered. The prolongation of the elimination half-life of mexiletine in the acute phase of myocardial infarction is probably related to an increase in its volume of distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542518
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid: Disposition in bile, blood and urine after intravenous administration to man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 349-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolfenamic acid ; anti-inflammatory agents ; biliary excretion ; pharmacokinetics ; intravenous administration ; bile duct cannulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study its pharmacokinetics and especially its biliary excretion, 14C-tolfenamic acid 9.84 µCi/100 mg was infused i.v. in 8 patients with a T-tube inserted in the common bile duct at choledocholithotomy 7–10 days prior to the study. Bile was collected in fractions by continuous suction over a 24 h period. Blood samples were taken and urine collected up to 48 h after the dose. Tolfenamic acid and its metabolites were separated by TLC and were quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. The pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid could be described by a two compartment open model with V1 of 3.67±0.68 l and Vss of 8.0±1.0 l. The total plasma clearance of tolfenamic acid averaged 106±8 ml/min and t1/2β was 1.38±0.32 h. A three compartment open model was required to describe the kinetics of total 14C. The plasma clearance of total 14C was 15.4±3.9 ml/min and its terminal half life averaged 19.0±4.1 h. The long half-life was caused by the slow elimination of tolfenamic acid metabolites. Four metabolites were measured in plasma and bile. The principal metabolites in bile were glucuronide/sulphate conjugates of hydroxylated derivatives of tolfenamic acid. The recovery of tolfenamic acid in bile was 1.1±0.3% of the dose, whereas the recovery of total 14C was 18.6±4.9%. The biliary clearances of tolfenamic acid and total 14C were 1.2±0.3 and 5.0±2.1 ml/min, respectively. Thus, biliary excretion plays a considerable part in the pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542174
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase and single-dose pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of entacapone (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 46 (1994), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Entacapone ; catechol-O-methyltransferase ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers ; adverse effects ; metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inhibition of soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase (S-COMT) in red blood cells (RBCs) by entacapone, and the pharmacokinetics of entacapone after single oral (5–800 mg) and IV (25 mg) doses have been examined in an open study in 12 healthy young male volunteers. Oral entacapone dose-dependently decreased the activity of S-COMT in RBCs with a maximum inhibition of 82% after the highest dose (800 mg). The inhibition of S-COMT in RBCs was reversible and the activity recovered within 4–8 h. Entacapone showed linear pharmacokinetics over the dose range studied: Cmax and AUC were correlated with the dose of the drug. Oral absorption of entacapone was fast, with a tmax ranging from 0.4 to 0.9 h, depending on the dose. Systemic availability of entacapone varied between 30 and 46%. Entacapone was rapidly eliminated by metabolism with a half-life of 0.27–0.30 h after oral doses of 5 to 50 mg. After doses from 100 to 800 mg the disposition was best described by two phases with a t1/2α of 0.27–0.37 h and t1/2β of 1.59–3.44 h. Over the dose range studied, the single oral and IV doses of entacapone were well tolerated. No haematological, biochemical or haemodynamic adverse effects were seen. The results show that entacapone is an orally effective and reversible COMT inhibitor in man and has simple, linear pharmacokinetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00199880
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mexiletine in acute myocardial infarction (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 361-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: mexiletine ; myocardial infarction ; ventricular arrhythmias ; tachycardia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543340
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid, a new anti-inflammatory agent (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolfenamic acid ; anti-inflammatory agent ; human pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; intravenous administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid, a new anti-inflammatory agent was studied in six healthy volunteers after an intravenous dose of 100 mg and oral doses of 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg. The disposition of intravenous tolfenamic acid could be described by two-compartment open model, with a central compartment volume (Vdc) of 5.6±0.31 (mean±SE), volume during β-phase (Vdβ) of 31±21, and a total elimination rate constant (k10) 1.6±0.1 h−1. The terminal elimination half-life was 2.5±0.6 h and the total plasma clearance 155±15 ml/min. The elimination occured principally by extrarenal mechanisms, the recovery of unchanged drug together with is glucuronide in urine averaging only 8.8% of the intravenous dose. The binding of tolfenamic acid to plasma proteins averaged 99.7%. The gastrointestinal absorption had a mean half-life of 1.7±0.1 h. Based on comparison of areas under the plasma concentration time-curves after intravenous and oral administration, the biovailability of tolfenamic acid capsules averaged 60%. The rate and extent of absorption and the rate of elimination of tolfenamic acid were independent of dose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00544587
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