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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropeptides TRH and cyclo(His-Pro) share neuromodulatory, but not stimulatory, action on hypothalamic neurons in vitro: implication for the regulation of feeding (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 67 (1987), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone ; Cy-clo(His-Pro) ; Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus ; Neuromodulation ; Desensitization ; Feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrical activity of neurons in rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus was recorded in tissue slices, to investigate central neural mechanisms underlying reduction of food intake caused by TRH and its metabolite, cyclo(His-Pro) [cHP]. Application of TRH had two actions: stimulation of neuronal activity, which was desensitized on closely repeated applications; and modulation of neuronal responses to neurotransmitters, even in the absence of the stimulatory action. The neuromodulatory but not the direct stimulatory action could also be achieved by cHP. The neuromodulatory action is more likely to be a neural mechanism underlying the inhibition of feeding, while other biological functions, unique to TRH, may depend on direct stimulation. In this way, TRH could achieve different biological results through different modes of action on hypothalamic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00269457
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LHRH messenger RNA in neurons in the intact and castrate male rat forebrain, studied by in situ hybridization (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 67 (1987), S. 113-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: LHRH messenger RNA ; Rat forebrain ; In situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of the present study was to localize luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) mRNA within the male rat forebrain using an in situ hybridization approach. The expression of LHRH mRNA was compared in castrate and intact males to approach questions on the chronic influences of circulating testicular steroids on the gene expression of the peptide. Frozen 10 μm sections fixed in paraformaldehyde were obtained from the forebrain region of intact and 2 week post-castrate adult male rats. LHRH mRNA was autoradiographically detected using an oligomer (59mer) complementary to the mRNA coding for amino acids-5 to 15 of the human LHRH preprohormone. Individual brain sections were incubated in prehybridization buffer for 2 h to reduce nonspecific binding. Following this, 20 μl of hybridization buffer containing 65,000–120,000 cpm of the 59mer were applied to sections and hybridized at 37° C for 3 days. The sections were then rinsed over a 48 h period, dehydrated, dipped in Kodak NTB2 liquid emulsion and exposed for 22 days. Autoradiograms were developed and counterstained with fast green and cresyl violet. As reported in the female, LHRH message-containing cells were localized in ventral septal regions, the diagonal bands of Broca, preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus. On occasion, LHRH gene expressing cells were found to appear in loose clusters. Labeled cells were never found in control sections treated with hybridization buffer lacking the 59mer. The total number of LHRH mRNA-containing cells localized in intact rats did not differ significantly from the castrate group. The mean grain counts per cell (±SEM) for the intact (30.1±1.2) and castrate (24±1.1) groups were found to differ, as did the histogram distribution of these two populations. These results are in contrast to those expected on the basis of a negative feedback effect, and instead suggest that long term exposure to testicular steroids can actually increase the content of LHRH mRNA within individual neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00269459
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoradiographic identification of estradiol-concentrating cells in the spinal cord of the female rat (1982)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 45 (1982), S. 144-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Estradiol ; Autoradiography ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The topography and number of estradiol (E)-concentrating cells in the lower lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord of the female rat have been examined by the steroid autoradiography method. A nuclear-saturating dose of E was administered by intravenous infusion, which kept blood estrogen at or above proestrus levels for 3.5–4 h, much longer than usual for steroid receptor studies. The cord segments selected for examination are known to receive somatosensory information relevant for estrogen-dependent behavior, and to contain some of the motoneurons for epaxial muscles responsible for this behavior. Small numbers of E-concentrating cells were found in the dorsal portion of the gray matter of L4, L5, L6 and the sacral segments. These cells were found in lamina II, in the midline region which includes lamina X, and the medial portions of laminae III, IV, and V when they cross in the midline. E-concentrating cells were also found in the lateral portions of laminae III, IV, and V, and in lamina VII. Virtually no E-concentrating cells were found in the ventral portion of the gray matter or in the white matter. The spinal cord had few E-concentrating cells compared to the hypothalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235773
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of medullary reticulospinal and other reticular neurons to somatosensory and brainstem stimulation in anesthetized or freely-moving ovariectomized rats with or without estrogen treatment (1982)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 47 (1982), S. 191-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lordosis reflex ; Estrogen ; Neurohormonal interaction ; Medial medullary reticular formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medial medullary reticular formation (mMRF) is probably involved in controlling lordosis, a feminine mating reflex which requires both estrogen priming and appropriate somatosensory input(s). We have recorded single-unit activity of antidromically identified reticulospinal (RS) and unidentified (UI) neurons in mMRF of ovariectomized rats with or without estrogen treatment to investigate neurohormonal mechanisms regulating lordosis. The units were recorded in both acute and chronic preparations, the latter involving implanted “floating” wire electrodes to allow the influence of estrogen on a particular unit to be followed for several days. A substantial number of RS and UI units in both acute and chronic preparations were either excited or inhibited by a lordosis-eliciting somatosensory stimulation, indicating that the lordosis-eliciting sensory inputs did reach mMRF. The majority of these units responded promptly to the stimulation, and could participate in triggering the short-latency lordosis reflex. Electrical stimulation of several brainstem locations revealed that there was an extensive and specific convergence on mMRF neurons between inputs from the lordosis-eliciting stimulation and mesencephalic central gray, which has been shown to relay lordosis-inducing estrogen influence from hypothalamus to lower brainstem. Therefore, mMRF neurons can receive both the estrogen influence and the lordosis-eliciting inputs and integrate them. Although no apparent estrogen influence was detected in chronic preparations, statistical comparisons of results from acute preparations with or without estrogen treatment suggest that estrogen can increase the proportion of the neurons excited by the lordosis-eliciting stimulation and facilitate neuronal excitability. Both effects are consistent with the prevailing notion that the net lordosis-inducing influence of estrogen is facilitatory, and they may be mechanisms for making lordosis elicitable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239378
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of ventromedial hypothalamic neurons with axons to midbrain central gray (1982)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 46 (1982), S. 292-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventromedial nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Antidromic activation ; Central gray ; Midbrain ; Amygdala
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In female rats anesthetized with urethane, 151 neurons in and around the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus were identified by antidromic activation as having axonal projection to the mesencephalic central gray at the midcollicular level. Identified neurons were most numerous in the rostral part and at the borders of the nucleus. Antidromic spike latencies, constant for a given cell to stimulation with fixed intensity at a low repetition rate, had a wide range across cells (1.4–41.5 ms). In 37 cells, gradual increases in stimulus intensity allowed sudden discrete latency decreases as large as 9.8 ms. These may reflect activation of separate axonal branches of terminal arborizations. Eleven among 43 tested cells were antidromically driven from the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF) at the diencephalic-mesencephalic junction as well as from the central gray. Latencies of DLF responses were always shorter than those from central gray. From this and collision experiments between central gray-evoked and DLF-evoked antidromic spikes, it was concluded that at least one quarter of mesencephalic projections from the ventromedial nucleus descend through DLF. The mean conduction velocity of these axons was 0.8 m/s, indicating that they belong to thin unmyelinated C-group fibers. Thirty percent of the cell population studied received excitatory input from the cortical or medial nucleus of the amygdala. Four cells were identified as having projections both to the central gray and the amygdala. Estrogen treatment of ovariectomized female rats caused no major changes in antidromic latency, absolute refractory period or resting activity of these identified hypothalamic neurons. However, the stimulation threshold for antidromic activation was significantly lower in the estrogen-treated animals. Axons to the central gray from ventromedial hypothalamic neurons provide for hypothalamic bias on brain stem reflex paths, for reproductive and other behaviors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237187
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative autoradiographic analysis of estradiol retention by cells in the preoptic area, hypothalamus and amygdala (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 343-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Estradiol ; Autoradiography ; Hypothalamus ; Limbic system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary These experiments were done to compare quantitatively, on a cell-by-cell basis, estradiol retention by cells in the medial preoptic area, arcuate nucleus, ventrolateral subdivision of the ventromedial nucleus, and the caudal half of the medial nucleus of the amygdala. The steroid autoradiograms were prepared from 2 μ sections of brains from ovariectomized, adrenalectomized adult female rats that had been infused intravenously with [3H] estradiol (E2) in a regimen which kept circulating hormone concentration at or above proestrus levels for 3–4 h. Even in these brain regions, containing the most dense collections of E2-concentrating cells, a maximum of only 27–61% of the cells concentrated E2. Therefore, in these regions only a particular subset of the cells retain hormone; other cells in the region do not retain hormone. Frequency distribution histograms of the number of grains per cell versus the number of cells in each region showed a wide range in the amount of E2 retained per cell, and no modes among E2retaining cells. The data followed a distribution markedly different from that predicted by a simple Poisson distribution, confirming that E2-retention does not result from a random, passive process such as diffusion. The overall quantitative characteristics of the frequency distribution histograms were similar across the four brain areas. Therefore, we propose that the different E2-sensitive functions of these brain areas must depend on differences in the neural connectivity or differences in hormone regulated peptide content of the areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238854
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pudendal nerve-evoked response in axial muscle (1985)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1985), S. 175-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pudendal nerve ; Lordosis ; Cutaneous reflex ; Axial muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 39 Urethane-anesthetized rats we have recorded the afferent volley in the dorsal roots and the electrical activity of the lateral longissimus muscle and its motor nerves during electrical stimulation of a cutaneous branch of the pudendal nerve. Male and female rats were used; the females were ovariectomized and either pretreated with estradiol or left without hormonal treatment. Conduction velocities in the pudendal nerve were 54 m/s for the largest Abeta fibers and averaged 10 m/s for A-delta fibers. Excitation of pudendal nerve afferents strongly potentiated the firing of axial motoneurons, at stimulus currents below threshold for A-delta fibers. Trains of three shocks to the pudendal nerve were considerably more effective than double or single shock trains. Repetition rates as low as 1/s had a long lasting excitatory effect on the lateral longissimus muscle and the magnitude of the responses increased gradually for several seconds with continued stimulation. Recordings from the axons of the epaxial motoneurons of female rats showed a strong activation of neuronal firing with an onset latency of 5.8 ms from the last shock of a three ms, three shock train; the onset in male rats, 8.4 ms, differed significantly. Peak spike activity occurred at mean latencies of 11, 22 and 102 ms in both sexes. A period of depressed firing was usually present from 34 to 50 ms. Males differed in having a larger peak in activity at 102 ms, but the overall profile of the responses was similar in males and females. No differences were seen in the overall response patterns of the estrogen-treated and untreated females. Responses of comparable magnitude were seen with ipsilateral or contralateral pudendal nerve stimulation; these were facilitated by bilateral stimulation. In electromyographic recordings, the onset of unit firings was seen at 6.4 ms latency in response to pudendal nerve stimulation. This unit activity was consistent with the firing pattern seen in the muscle nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235633
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Speculations Concerning the Physiological Significance of Central Oxytocin in Maternal Behavior (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 652 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb34347.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arginine Vasopressin Levels after Daily Infusions of Antisense Oligonucleotides into the Supraoptic Nucleus (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 689 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb55582.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological Differences between Ventromedial Hypothalamic Neurones of Well Fed and Underfed Rats (1969)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 223 (1969), S. 77-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fourteen adult male albino rats were separated into pairs matched on the basis of body weight. The heaviest pair weighed 310 g each, and the lightest pair 220 g each. All were housed in individual cages in a quiet, temperature-controlled room with a 12 : 12 light-dark cycle. One rat in each pair ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/223077a0
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