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Notes: The extent of enhanced degradation of the herbicide carbetamide declined over time after herbicide application was discontinued. The kinetics of carbetamide degradation were determined in the same soil for three consecutive years (1994–96) after single annual applications from 1989 to 1992. The DT50 of carbetamide increased from 5.4 d in 1994 to 10.2 d in 1996. However, this was still less than the DT50 in previously untreated soil (23–44 d). A most probable number (MPN) assay demonstrated a link between carbetamide degradation rate and the numbers of micro-organisms capable of carbetamide mineralization. Degradation of six other herbicides was assayed in the carbetamide-pretreated and the previously untreated soils. Propham was the only herbicide which degraded more rapidly in the soil with a history of carbetamide application. Rapid degradation of chlorpropham, a herbicide structurally similar to carbetamide and propham, and propyzamide, a herbicide with similar mode of action and weed control spectrum, was not observed. The results suggest that enhanced biodegradation of carbetamide can be managed by less frequent carbetamide application as a part of a herbicide rotation involving compounds which are structurally dissimilar.

Notes: Following reports of poor weed control, the effectiveness of repeated applications of carbetamide atid propyzamide in controlling Lolium rigidum Gaud, (annual ryegrass) was examined under field conditions. Repeated applications of carbetamide or propyzamide were less effective in controlling L. rigidum than an initial application. A single application of carbetamide or propyzamide was sufficient approximately to halve the efficacy of a subsequent treatment with the satne herbicide. Laboratory incubations of soil linked the poor performance of carbetamide upon repeated application to an enhanced deg-radation rate. We conclude that the repeated application of carbetamide or propyzamide results in less effective weed control under field conditions and that this can be partially avoided by rotation between carhetamide and propyzamide.

Notes: Growth, competitiveness and seed characteristics were compared in paraquat-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Hordeum leporinum Link collected from neighbouring fields. Dry weight and tiller production were greater in the susceptible biotype as compared with the resistant biotype in the absence of competition, however, the reproductive output was the same. Competitiveness in the field was estimated using a replacement series design that showed only slight differences between the two biotypes. There were no differences in seed weight, number of seeds per head, seed viability or seedling establishment between the two biotypes. When grown in pots in monoculture, the production of tillers was the same throughout the growing season, but inflorescences appeared on the resistant biotype earlier and matured earlier than did those of the susceptible biotype. We conclude that under field conditions the resistant biotype does not show a reduction in fitness as compared with the susceptible biotype.

Notes: A biotype of Sonchus oleraceus L. and two bio types of Sisymbrium orientate Torn., SSO 3 and NSO 1, are the first dicot weeds in Australia to develop resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The resistant biotypes had been exposed to va rying periods of selection with sulfonylurea her bicides. All three biotypes are resistant to a range of sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. The S. orientale biotypes are also resistant to the triazolopyrimidine herbicide, flumetsulam. LD50 ratios of resistant Sonchus oleraceus for sulfony lurea and imidazolinone herbicides are greater than 64-fold and 4.5-fold, respectively. GR50 ratios are greater than 9 for sulfonylureas and 7.4 for imazapyr. The LD50 ratios for both S. orien tale biotypes for chlorsulfuron, sulfometuron methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, flumetsulam and imazethapyr are greater than 110-, 15-, 7-, 24- and 29-fold, respectively. All resistant biotypes are susceptible to MCPA, diuron and diflufenican, herbicides which do not inhibit ALS.

Notes: Two biotypes of the grass weed barley grass (Hordeum glaucum), one resistant and the other susceptible to the herbicide paraquat, were studied along with their F1, F2 and F3 progeny to determine the inheritance of paraquat resistance. The plants were sprayed with 50–200 g a.i. paraquat ha−1. These concentrations killed the susceptible type. The data obtained from segregating populations indicated that paraquat resistance in H. glaucum is controlled by a single nuclear gene with incomplete dominance.

Notes: Two populations of Hordeum leporinum have evolved resistance to paraquat within a small area in central Tasmania, Australia. One population (THL1) was more than 80-fold resistant to paraquat when treated in winter, compared with a susceptible population (THL4) collected nearby, whereas the other population (THL2) was only 19-fold resistant. Translocation of paraquat was examined in all three populations at warm and cool temperature regimes. Herbicide was applied to a basal section of the second leaf of plants kept in the dark and translocation measured after 16 h of dark and during a subsequent light period. Paraquat absorption into the treated leaf was uniformly high in susceptible and resistant populations, with 〉93% of the applied herbicide absorbed within 16 h in the dark at both temperatures. Translocation of paraquat out of the treated leaf was low in the dark, with 〈4% of the herbicide translocated to the remainder of the plant. More herbicide was translocated out of the treated leaves in susceptible plants in the dark, compared with resistant plants at both temperature regimes and more paraquat was translocated at warmer temperatures. Extensive basipetal translocation of paraquat to the rest of the plant occurred in susceptible plants following exposure of the treated plants to light. However, basipetal translocation was much reduced in resistant plants in the light and corresponded to the degree of resistance. Resistance to paraquat in H. leporinum is the result of reduced translocation of paraquat out of the treated leaves.

Notes: A biotype of the grass weed Hordeum glaucum Steud, infesting a site at Willaura, Victoria, Australia has resistance to paraquat. Application of the recommended rate of paraquat does not cause death of the resistant biotype at any stage of growth. The LD50 for the resistant biotype is 6.4 kg active ingredient ha−1 which is 250 times greater than for the normal susceptible biotype (25 g active ingredient ha−1). Growth of the resistant biotype is checked by paraquat with a clear dosage response evident. The paraquat resistant biotype is also resistant to diquat but is normally affected by herbicides with different modes of action. In addition to continued foliage growth of the resistant plants after paraquat application, seeds of these plants can germinate and seedlings elongate in the dark whereas seeds of susceptible plants germinate but there is no further growth. This suggests that studies of the mechanism(s) conferring resistance will have to consider both the effect of paraquat on the chloroplast and a non-photosynthetic effect on cell growth. Un biotype de la mauvaise herbe Hordeum glaucum Steud, résistant à l'herbicide paraquat Un biotype de la graminée Hordeum glaucum Steud. à Willaura, Victoria, Australie, s'est montré résistant au paraquat. L'application de la dose préconisée de paraquat ne provoque pas la mort de ce biotype, quel qu'en soit le stade végétal. La LD50 pour le biotype résistant est 6,4 kg matière active ha−1, c'est-à-dire 250 fois plus grande que pour le biotype normal sensible (25 g matière active ha−1). Le paraquat provoque chez le biotype résistant une inhibition de croissance qui se rapporte à la dose. Le biotype résistant au paraquat l'est également au diquat mais réagit normalement envers les herbicides à mode d'action différente. Non seulement la croissance foliaire continue normalement après une application de paraquat chez les plantes résistantes, mais les graines sont capables de germer et les jeunes plants de s'allonger à l'obscurité, tandis que les graines de plantes sensibles germent à l'obscurité mais ne croissent pas. II semble donc que les études des mécanismes qui produisent la résistance devront examiner l'influence du paraquat sur le chloroplaste ainsi qu'un effet nonphotosynthétique sur la croissance cellulaire. Ueber das Auftreten eines gegen Paraquat resistenten Biotyps von Hordeum glaucum Steud. Bei Willaura, Victoria (Australien) tritt ein gegen Paraquat resistenter Biotyp von Hordeum glaucum Steud. auf. Die Application der normalerweise empfohlenen Dosierung Paraquat tötet den resistenten Biotyp in keinem Wachstumsstadium ab. Die Ld50 für den resistenten Typ beträgt 6,4 kg ai ha−1; dies ist 250 mal mehr als beim normal sensiblen Typ (25 g ai ha−1). Das Wachstum des resistenten Biotyps wird durch steigende Dosen von Paraquat beeinträchtigt. Der gegen Paraquat resistente Typ ist auch gegen Diquat unempfindlich, weist aber gegenüber Herbiziden mil anderen Wirkungsmechanismen die normale Empfindlichkeit auf. Resistente Pflanzen zeigen nach Paraquatbehandlung ein weitergehendes Blattwachstum. Ihre Samen keimen und die Sämlinge entwickeln sich im Dunkeln weiter, während die Samen sensibler Pflanzen zwar keimen, sich aber nicht weiterentwickeln. Diese Beobachtungen weisen darauf hin, dass bei Forschungen zur Aufklärung der Resistenzmechanismen, sowohl die Wirkung von Paraquat auf die Chloroplasten als auch einen nicht photosynthetiseh wirksamen Effekt auf das Zellwachstum berücksichtigen müssen.

Notes: Seeds of two biotypes of the grass weed, barley grass (Hordeum glaucum Steud.), one resistant and the other susceptible to the herbicide paraquat, were studied to ascertain whether they had the same dormancy characteristics. Regardless of field storage conditions, both paraquat-resistant and susceptible H. glaucum germinated readily after identical short-term (2-month) innate dormancy. A field experiment conducted to determine the longevity of seeds of resistant H. glaucum in the soil seedbank revealed that, in the absence of fresh seed production, reserves of this species were exhausted within 3 years. These experiments establish that seeds of the resistant biotype of H. glaucum have a short residual life in the seedbank, and that by totally preventing seed production for 3 successive years it is possible to eradicate this resistant biotype. Supression rf'Hordeum glaucum résistant au paraquat par l'empechement de la production de graines pendant 3 ans Les graines de deux biotypes de graminées adventices, orge sauvage (Hordeum glaucum), l'un résistant et l'autre sensible à I'herbicide paraquat ont étéétudiées pour vé rifier sielles avaient les mêemes caractéristiques de dormance. Sans liaison avec les conditions de stockage au champ, H. glaucum, sensibles et resistantes ont germé facilement après une pé riode identique de dormance initiate de court terme (2 mois). Une expé rimentation de plein champ conduite pour déterminer la longévité des graines d'H. glaucum résistantes dans le sol, a montré qu'en l'absence de nouvelle production grainière, les réserves de cette espéce étaient éliminées en 3 ans. Ces essais montrent que les graines du biotype résistant et H. glaucum ont une vie résiduelle courte dans le stock grainier et que par un empêchement complet de la production grainière pendant 3 ans, il est possible de supprimer ce biotype résistant. Beseitigung einer Paraquat-resistenten Population von Hordeum glaucum Steud. durch dreijährige Verhinderung der Samenneubildung Samen eines gegenüber Paraquat resistenten und eines empfindlichen Biotyps von Hordeum glaucum Steud. wurden auf Dormanz hin untersucht:Ohne Einflußder vorausgegangenen Lagerung unter Feldbedingungen keimten beide Biotypen nach einer kurzen primären Dormanz von 2 Monaten gut. In einem Freilandversuch zur Lebensdauer der Samen resistenter Pflanzen im Boden erschöpfte sich der Samenvorrat bei fehlender Ergänzung innerhalb 3 Jahren. Demnach haben resistente Hordeum-glaucum-Pflanzen nur eine kurze Lebensdauer, und resistente Biotypen können durch Unterbindung der Samenproduktion innerhalb 3 Jahren ausgeschaltet werden.