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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of isazofos in the soil environment (1993)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 41 (1993), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00026a035
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dopamine infusion on plasma catecholamines in preterm and term newborn infants (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 150 (1991), S. 503-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Dopamine infusion ; Newborn infants ; Plasma catecholamines ; Noradrenaline ; Adrenaline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Newborn infants (21 preterm and 13 term) received dopamine infusions at a low (2.5–3.4 μg/kg per min) and/or high (5–10 μg/kg per min) infusion rate and changes in plasma catecholamines were monitored. The mean baseline values for dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline were between 240 and 560, 125 and 144 and 62 and 82 pg/ml, respectively. During low-rate infusion of dopamine, there was a significant increase in plasma dopamine (20–100fold), noradrenaline (three- to five-fold) and adrenaline (threefold). Administration of dopamine at the high rate resulted in an even larger increase in the plasma catecholamines (dopamine, 100–300fold; noradrenaline, seven- to eightfold; adrenaline, four- to sixfold). In a double-log plot, there was a highly significant correlation between the plasma concentrations of dopamine and noradrenaline (r=0.77;P〈0.001). In conclusion, infusion of dopamine in term and preterm newborn infants is accompanied by an enhanced sympatho-adrenal tone which may contribute to the cardiovascular effects of dopamine in these patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01958433
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE CHOLINERGIC ‘PITFALL’: ACETYLCHOLINE, A UNIVERSAL CELL MOLECULE IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, INCLUDING HUMANS (1999)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Asia Pty. Ltd.
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 26 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 1. Acetylcholine (ACh) represents one of the most exemplary neurotransmitters. In addition to its presence in neuronal tissue, there is increasing experimental evidence that ACh is widely expressed in pro- and eukaryotic non-neuronal cells. Thus, ACh has been detected in bacteria, algae, protozoa, tubellariae and primitive plants, suggesting an extremely early appearance of ACh in the evolutionary process.2. In humans, ACh and/or the synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, has been demonstrated in epithelial cells (airways, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, epidermis), mesothelial (pleura, pericardium) and endothelial and muscle cells. In addition, immune cells express the non-neuronal cholinergic system (i.e. the synthesis of ACh can be detected in human leucocytes (granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages)), as well as in rat microglia in vitro.3. The widespread expression of non-neuronal ACh is accompanied by the ubiquitous expression of cholinesterase activity, which prevents ACh from acting as a classical hormone.4. Non-neuronal ACh mediates its cellular actions in an auto- and paracrine manner via the activation of the widely expressed nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which can interfere with virtually all cellular signalling pathways (ion channels and key enzymes).5. Non-neuronal ACh appears to be involved in the regulation of basic cell functions, such as mitosis, cell differentiation, organization of the cytoskeleton, cell–cell contact, secretion and absorption. Non-neuronal ACh also plays a role in the regulation of immune functions. All these qualities together may mediate the so-called ‘trophic property’ of ACh.6. Future experiments should be designed to analyse the cellular effects of ACh in greater detail. The involvement of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases should be investigated to open up new therapeutic strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03016.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Different Opioid Receptor Antagonists on the Electrically-Evoked Release of Endogenous Dopamine from the Isolated Neural Lobe of the Rat Pituitary Gland in vitro (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 2 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Isolated neural lobes of the rat pituitary gland were incubated in Krebs-HEPES solution which contained the dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12921 and in some experiments additionally pargyline. The release of endogenous dopamine evoked by electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. (±)- Naloxone increased the evoked dopamine release maximally by 440% (EC50 209 nM). The (+)-enantiomer of naloxone (up to 10 μM) did not affect the release of dopamine. The preferential κ-opioid receptor antagonist MR 2266 increased the evoked dopamine release maximally by 135% (EC50 7 nM). MR 2267, the inactive (+)-enantiomer of MR 2266, had no effect on dopamine release. The δ-opioid receptor selective antagonist ICI 174864 increased the release of dopamine maximally by 120% (EC50 10 nM). The non-selective opioid receptor agonist etorphine up to 10 μM had no effect on the evoked dopamine release. In conclusion, endogenous opioids in the neurohypophysis strongly inhibit the release of endogenous dopamine from this gland. Activation of κ- and δ-opioid receptors appears to be involved in the inhibitory action of the endogenous opioids on the neurohypophysial release of dopamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1990.tb00414.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional differences in the effect of pargyline on dopamine concentrations in the rat hypophysis (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 59 (1984), S. 91-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dopamine concentrations were estimated in different regions of the infundibular-pituitary system of the rat. The highest values were found in the pituitary stalk where they are comparable to the concentrations in the striatum, and higher than in the median eminence. In the anterior lobe the dopamine (DA) concentrations of the upper pole (10% of the lobe tissue) were 2–5 times higher than in the rest of the lobe. Anterior lobe DA was significantly higher in rats about 6 months old than in rats about 3 months old. After inhibition of MAO, the DA concentrations in the isolated neural lobe (NL) were more than doubled. In contrast there was no increase in the DA concentrations of the intermediate lobe, an observation which is in agreement with our previous finding that DA synthesis in the intermediate lobe after electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk is much slower than in the neural lobe. Pargyline treatment caused an increase in the DA concentrations in the anterior lobe by about 150%. This rise (together with a DA increase in the stalk-infundibulum) may be related to the decrease in circulating prolactin which occurs in pargyline treated rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01255408
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotinic and muscarinic modulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release from porcine and canine small intestine (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 70 (1992), S. 190-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Enterochromaffm cells ; Nicotine ; Muscarine ; Serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Strips of porcine and canine small intestine were incubated in vitro and the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. The spontaneous outflow of 5-HT from the porcine and canine small intestine largely reflects calcium-dependent 5-HT secretion from enterochromaffin cells which are under a spontaneous neuronal, excitatory input as indicated by the inhibitory effect (30–40%) of tetrodotoxin. In both species, nicotine enhanced the release of 5-HT in a concentration-dependent manner by a maximum of about 50% at 100 μM. This effect was blocked by the nicotine receptor antagonist hexamethonium, but not by the subtype-selective nicotine receptor antagonist α-bungarotoxin. The effect of nicotine was rapidly desensitized. The presence of tetrodotoxin abolished the effect of nicotine on 5-HT release in canine tissue but not in porcine tissue. The presence of the muscarine receptor antagonist scopolamine prevented the effect of nicotine on 5-HT release from canine tissue, but significantly enhanced 5-HT release from porcine tissue. The muscarine receptor agonist oxotremorine inhibited 5-HT release from porcine tissue, but increased 5-HT release from canine tissue. However, in the presence of tetrodotoxin, oxotremorine enhanced 5-HT release in tissue from both species. In conclusion, activation of nicotine receptors induce the release of 5-HT from porcine and canine small intestine. In the dog, the effect of nicotine is mediated via the release of acetylcholine which then stimulates 5-HT release via muscarine receptors on the enterochromaffin cells. In the pig, the stimulatory effect of nicotine appears to be located directly on the enterochromaffin cells. In addition, activation of neuronal muscarine receptors in the porcine small intestine induced the release of a previously unidentified neurotransmitter which inhibited 5-HT release. Nicotine, via cholinergic interneurons, also appears to induce the release of this inhibitory neurotransmitter which opposes the direct stimulatory action of nicotine on 5-HT release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00184650
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cigarette smoking or ingestion of nicotine on platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in smokers and non-smokers (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 70 (1992), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Nicotine ; Serotonin ; Smoking ; Platelets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Platelets of healthy smokers and nonsmokers were prepared and their content of 5-hydroxytryptamine was determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Platelet 5-HT levels in smokers (728 ± 156 pmol per 108 platelets, mean ±SEM, n=9) were significantly higher than those in non-smokers (353 ± 156 pmol per 108 platelets, n = 11). Smoking of a single cigarette caused a transient increase in platelet 5-HT levels by about 350% in non-smokers, but had no additional effect in smokers. Similarly, chewing of nicotine gum (48 mg nicotine) resulted in a transient increase in platelet 5-HT by about 100% in non-smokers, but not in smokers. In conclusion, smoking of cigarettes can cause an increase in platelet 5-HT, most likely via an enhanced supply of 5-HT from entero-chromaffm cells which can be stimulated via nicotine receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00184651
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the microtox system to assess the toxicity of pesticides and their hydrolysis metabolites (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 44 (1990), S. 254-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01700144
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of manuring on the persistence and degradation of soil insecticides (1987)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 39 (1987), S. 579-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01698448
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of gadolinium and cadmium on the electrically evoked release of 45calcium from the isolated rat neurohypophysis (1988)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 337 (1988), S. 301-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Calcium efflux ; Stimulus-secretion coupling ; Gadolinium ; Cadmium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated neural lobes of the rat pituitary gland were fixed by their stalks to a platinum wire electrode. They were loaded with 45calcium and then superfused with radioactivity-free Krebs-solution. The efflux of 45calcium into the superfusion medium was determined. After 54–60 min of superfusion the spontaneous outflow of 45calcium was 2.03%/min of the tissue 45calcium. It was not affected by cadmium (Cd2+, 0.03-3 mmol/1), but reduced by 40% in the presence of 1 mmol/1 gadolinium (Gd3). Electrical stimulation with pulses of 15 Hz (3 times for 1 min with intervals of 1 min) evoked a 45calcium release of 14.4% of the tissue radioactivity. The evoked release of 45calcium was reduced by 80% in the presence of tetrodotoxin and by about 50% in the presence of gallopamil (D600, 30 μol/l) or after omission of unlabelled calcium from the superfusion medium. Gd3+ concentration-dependently reduced the evoked release by maximally 75% at 3 mmol/l. However, it inhibited the evoked release of 45calcium less effectively than the release of vasopressin evoked by identical stimulation conditions. Cd2+ reduced the evoked release by maximally 55% at 300 μmol/l. The effect of Cd2+ on the evoked release of vasopressin was not tested because Cd2+ markedly increased the spontaneous outflow of vasopressin. When the stimulation was carried out for only 1 min at 15 Hz (i. e. 900 pulses) the evoked release of 45calcium was 10.6% of the tissue 45calcium and 100 μmol/l Cd2+ or 300 μmol/l Gd3+ caused a reduction of the evoked release similar to that observed when 3 periods of stimulation were applied. However, when 900 pulses were applied at a frequency of 3 Hz the evoked release of 45calcium was only 4.4% and was not affected by 100 gmol/l Cd2+ or 300 μmol/l Gd3+. In previous experiments, the release of vasopressin and oxytocin evoked by 900 pulses at 3 Hz amounted to only about 10% of the hormone release evoked by 900 pulses at 15 Hz. In conclusion, electrical stimulation of the rat pituitary stalk increases the efflux of 45calcium from neurohypophyses loaded with 45calcium. Only part of the evoked release of 45calcium appears to be associated directly with the stimulus-secretion coupling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00168843
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