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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die stoffwechselphysiologischen Benziehungen Zwischen Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. und Chlorella spec. in der Paramecium bursaria-Symbiose (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 111 (1976), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Paramecium bursaria ; Chlorella ; Symbiosis ; Regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der endosymbiontische Verband von Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. mit Chlorella spec. (grünes Paramecium) wurde physiologisch und cytologisch untersucht. Ein Vergleich der Eigenschaften der Symbiosecinheit mit denen der getrennt kultivierten Symbiosepartner ergab die folgenden Merkmale und Unterschiede: 1. Der symbiontische Verband hat bis zu einer Beleuchtungsstärke von 6000 lux eine stärkere Photosyntheseleistung als die aus ihm isolierte und in Massenkultur in einem definierten Medium kultivierte Alge. Algenfreie P. bursaria zeigen nur eine minimale Fähigkeit zur CO2-Fixierung. 2. Der Kompensationspunkt der Photosynthese liegt beim algenhaltigen Paramecium bei ca. 4000–5000 lux, derjenige der getrennt kultivierten Alge bei ca. 200–400 lux. 3. Die Symbioseeinheit hat im Dunkeln im Vergleich mit algenfreien P. bursaria einen niedrigeren, im Vergleich mit der frei kultivierten Alge jedoch einen höheren Sauerstoffbedarf. 4. Das grüne Paramecium nimmt weniger Kohlenhydrate aus dem Medium auf als algenfreie Paramecien, hat aber eine höhere Aufnahmeleistung als die isoliert gezogenen Algen. 5. Im Symbioseverband besitzt die symbiontische Alge im Licht eine kompakte Lagerung der photosynthetischen Membranen und eine massive Stärkeablagerung. Die Vergiftung der Photosynthese durch 3-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)-1,1-dimethylharnstoff (DCMU) oder die Kultur im Dunkeln führt in algenhaltigen Paramecien zu einer aufgelockerten Lagerung der Thylakoide und einer Verringerung der Stärkeablagerung. Die Algen-population unterliegt im symbiontischen Verband einem komplexen Regulationsmechanismus, bei dem u. a. der intracelluläre Kohlenhydratspiegel eine Rolle spielt. Die geschilderten Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit der Ökologie des grünen P. bursaria diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The endosymbiotic association of Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. with Chlorella spec. (green Paramechim) was studied both physiologically and cytologically. Comparison of the properties of the symbiotic unit with those of the symbiotic partiners which bad been isolated from it revealed the following features and differences: 1. Up to 6000 lux the photosynthetic capacity of the symbiotic unit is higher than that of the isolated symbiotic algae grown independently in mass culture under defined conditions. Alga-free. Paramecium bursaria (colourless Paramecium) show a very low rate of CO2-fixation. 2. The green Paramecium has a higher compensationpoint of photosynthesis (4000–5000 lux) than the isolated alga (200–400 lux). 3. Green paramecia consume less oxygen in darkness than colourless organisms but more than the isolated algae. 4. The uptake of carbohydrates from the culture medium by green paramecia is lower than the uptake by alga-free P. bursaria but higher than the one of the isolated algae. 5. Symbiotic algae within the intact symbiotic unit show tightly packed photosynthetic membranes and an intense deposition of starch. In the presence of 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) or in darkness the arrangement of thylakoids is less compact and the deposition of starch is reduced. The growth and the number of the symbiotic algae in situ is regulated by a complex mechanism to which the intracellular level of carbohydrates belongs. The results are discussed in connection with ecological aspects of the Paramecium bursaria-endosymbiosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446564
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die stoffwechselphysiologischen Beziehungen zwischen Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. und Chlorella spec. in der Paramecium bursaria-Symbiose (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Paramecium bursaria ; Symbiosis ; Metabolic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Infektionsexperimente algenfreier Paramecium bursaria mit aus diesen isolierten und unter Stickstoffmangel-Bedingungen vorkultivierten Algen deuten darauf hin, daß die Versorgung der endosymbiontischen Algen mit stickstoffhaltigen Verbindungen durch ihren Wirt in einem zu gutem Wachstum und Vermehrung der Alge ausreichendem Maße möglich ist. Die Bedeutung dieser stoffwechselphysiologischen Beziehung für die Symbiosepartner wird diskutiert. Die Vergiftung der Photosynthese der endosymbiontischen Chlorella durch 3-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)-1,1-dimethylharnstoff (DCMU) führt in grünen Paramecium bursaria durch Beeinflussung des Kohlenstoff-Stoffwechsels zu einer Entkoppelung des symbiontischen steady state-Systems und damit zur Auflösung der Symbiose. Eine ausreichende heterotrophe Ernährung der Alge durch das Paramecium ist in der Symbiose offenbar nicht möglich. Die Anwendung von 3-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)-1,1-dimethylharnstoff (DCMU) kann als neue Methode zur Züchtung algenfreier Paramecium bursaria dienen.
    Notes: Abstract Symbiotic Chlorellae have been isolated from Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. and cultivated under conditions of nitrogen deficiency. Reinfection of Chlorella-free Paramecium bursaria with these nitrogen-deficient algae resulted in a complete regeneration and multiplication of the algae within the host cells. The endosymbiotic algal cells of the Paramecium bursaria-symbiosis can be supplied by their host with nitrogen. The inhibition of photosynthesis by 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) leads in green Paramecium bursaria to a breakdown of the symbiotic steady state-system resulting in a loss of algal cells. Obviously the endosymbiotic algae cannot be fed heterotrophically by their host to such an extent that a stable symbiosis is maintained. The application of 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) can be used as a new method for culturing Chlorella-free Paramecium bursaria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425352
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative studies on photosynthetic enzymes of the symbiotic Chlorella from Paramecium bursaria and other symbiotic and non-symbiotic Chlorella strains (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 178-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Paramecium bursaria ; Chlorella sp. ; Symbiosis ; Endosymbiosis ; Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase ; Carbonic anhydrase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activities of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and of carbonic anhydrase were studied in cell-free extracts of two symbiotic Chlorella strains isolated from Paramecium bursaria and from Spongilla sp., and of two nonsymbiotic strains of Chlorella (Chlorella fusca and Chlorella vulgaris) cultivated at varied CO2-concentrations. The symbiotic Chlorella of Paramecium bursaria differs distinctly from the other Chlorella strains by a higher activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, which is independent of the actual CO2-concentration, and by a lack of carbonic anhydrase activity. These properties are discussed with respect to their ecological significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00455358
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Taxonomie einer auxotrophen Chlorella aus Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 104 (1975), S. 293-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Paramecium bursaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund der physiologischen Merkmale einer in Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. auftretenden Chlorella ergibt sich eine systematische Zuordnung in den Formenkreis um Chlorella vulgaris f. tertia Fott et Nováková und Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris Beijerinck. Hiervon abweichende Befunde anderer Autoren werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract An auxotrophic Chlorella has been isolated from Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. and cultivated in mass culture in an inorganic medium supplied with vitamins B1 and B12. With regard to its physiological properties it is not identical with either one of the so far known Chlorella species. It belongs, however, to the group of Chlorella vulgaris f. tertia Fott et Novaková and Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris Beijerinck.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00447340
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The metabolic interactions between Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. and Chlorella spec. in the Paramecium bursaria-symbiosis (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 125 (1980), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Paramecium bursaria ; Chlorella spec. ; Symbiosis ; CO2-supply ; Glucose ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rates of the photosynthetic oxygen production of the green Paramecium bursaria and of the symbiotic Chlorella spec. isolated from it were measured at various CO2-concentrations in the incubation medium. Due to the respiration of the ciliate the amount of CO2 offered to the symbiotic algae in situ is higher than in water under normal atmospheric conditions. So the algae within the symbiotic unit show a higher rate of photosynthetic oxygen production than in the isolated state and thus guarantee the supply with oxygen for the Paramecium. In the green Paramecium the rate of photosynthetic oxygen production is increased by the addition of glucose. In the dark the incubation with glucose increases the rate of respiratory oxygen consumption in alga-free Paramecium bursaria to a much greater extent than in green Paramecia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446890
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Extent of Algal and Bacterial Endosymbioses in Protozoa, (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Long neglected has been the extensive and more or less intimate association of protozoa with a wide variety of other cells, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic in nature. Yet study of such relationships can provide important information concerning certain basic aspects of cellular evolution in general. A survey is offered here of the whole range of such symbiotic associations (i.e. with species of protozoa serving as hosts) with the purposes of drawing attention to the exciting possibilities of such research and of reviewing significant findings made to date. Because of the vastness of the overall field, examples and discussion are primarily limited to consideration of the following major studies: methanogenic bacteria in certain ciliates, bacterial endosymbionts of the large freshwater amoeba Pelomyxa palustris (itself an amazing organism from an evolutionary/phylogenetic point of view), the rod-shaped bacteria found in Amoeba proteus, the “Greek-letter” prokaryotes of Paramecium species, the xenosomes (sensu stricto) of the marine scuticociliate Parauronema acutum, and the diverse algal endosymbionts of similarly diverse protozoan taxa–ciliates, flagellates, radiolarians, acantharians, and foraminifera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04034.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Establishment, Maintenance, and Integration Mechanisms of Endosymbionts in Protozoa (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: .Important progress has been made in recent years towards better understanding of the establishment and maintenance of endosymbiosis in protozoa and of the eventual integrative mechanisms involved. Still, many problems remain to be investigated more thoroughly. In this paper, while treating and reviewing the subject broadly, particular and more detailed attention is given to three selected systems: endonuclear symbiosis by Holospora bacteria in Paramecium; algal (Chlorella) relationships with the “green”Paramecium (P. bursaria) as host; and the rod-shaped bacteria found in the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus. Data concerning the physiology of food vacuoles, membrane transport, photobehavior, recognition specificity, enzyme activity, and the like are presented and reviewed and discussed in light of the growing literature on the overall subject of “endocytobiology.” Emphasized is the complicated network of interactions between symbiotic partners and the importance of the development of integrative mechanisms in the evolution of the many intimate associations known at the cellular level today.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04033.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of de novo synthesis of maltose excreted by the endosymbiotic Chlorella from Paramecium bursaria (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 153 (1981), S. 481-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Endosymbiosis ; Maltose biosynthesis ; Paramecium bursaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The endosymbiotic Chlorella sp. from Paramecium bursaria excretes maltose both in the light and in the dark. Experiments on photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation and 14CO2 pulse-chase experiments show that maltose is synthesized in the light directly from compounds of the Calvin cycle, whereas in the dark it results from starch degradation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394991
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A chitin-like glycan in the cell wall of a Chlorella sp. (Chlorococcales, Chlorophyceae) (1995)
    Springer
    Planta 197 (1995), S. 577-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Amino sugar ; Chitin ; Chitosan ; Cell wall ; Chlorella ; Chlorophyceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The stable amino-sugar fraction of the cell wall of the symbiotic Chlorella strain Pbi (Chlorophyceae) was isolated and investigated by sugar analysis, infra-red spectroscopy, lectin binding, enzymatic degradation, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The results indicate the existence of a glycosaminoglycan which can be regarded as a chitin-like glycan. This carbohydrate structure is unusual for algae and reported here for the first time in unicellular chlorophycean algae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191563
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of endosymbiotic algae in photoaccumulation of green Paramecium bursaria (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 152 (1981), S. 268-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Endosymbiosis ; Paramecium bursaria ; Photoaccumulation ; Photoreceptor ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The endosymbiotic unit of Paramecium bursaria with Chlorella sp. photoaccumulates in white, blue-green, and red light (λ〈700 nm), whereas alga-free Paramecia never do. The intensity of photoaccumulation depends on both the light fluence rate and the size of the symbiotic algal population. Photoaccumulation can be stopped completely with 3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), an inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport. Hence the photosynthetic pigments of the algae act as receptors of the light stimulus for photomovement and a close connection must exist between photosynthesis of the algae and ciliary beating of the Paramecium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385155
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