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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular kinetics of delayed hypersensitivity test reactions to topical glucocorticosteriods (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 279 (1987), S. 379-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Glucocorticosteroids ; Topical allergens ; Delayed hypersensitivity ; Patch test reactions ; Immunocompetent cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The phenotypes of the infiltrating cells in 13 patients with delayed hypersensitivity to topical glucocorticosteriods (GCS) were studied from sequential biopsies of positive epicutaneous test reactions by using the avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) technique. Monoclonal antibodies were used to identify the cells with the following phenotypes: T3, T4/T4a, T6, T8, T9, T11, M1, Ia1 (HLA-DR), interleukin-2 receptor/T26a, and dendritic reticular cell. The cellular kinetics of GCS hypersensitivity reactions were compared with delayed hypersensitivity reactions caused by allergens not related to GCS. In both GCS and non-GCS reactions the epidermal dendritic T6 + cells were more numerous than dendritic Ia1 + cells. There was a decrease in the number of both cell types during these reactions; in GCS reactions the decrease in the number of T6 + cells was seen later than in non-GCS reactions. Ia1 + keratinocytes were seen at sites near dermal infiltrates. Compared with the non-GCS delayed hypersensitivity reaction, there were fewer pan T (T11 +/T3+) in the GCS reaction. The relative numbers of M1 + monocytes and the T4/T8 ratio were substantially lower in the latter; these findings can be explained as a GCS effect which modulates the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412623
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical identification of renal lysozyme during allograft rejection in man (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Histopathology 3 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An immunoperoxidase staining method was used to identify lysozyme in biopsy or transplantectomy specimens of human renal allografts during reversible and irreversible rejection of the grafts. Proximal tubules in apparently functioning nephrons showed lysozyme staining. In irreversibly rejected grafts, infiltrating mononuclear phagocytes in and near peritubular and glomerular capillaries also stained intensely for lysozyme. In acute necrotizing arteritis, lysozyme-positive cells (mononuclear phagocytes) infiltrated the blood vessel wall. The presence of infiltrating lysozyme-positive cells in the transplant was consistent with poor graft survival.The variation in lysozyme staining of proximal tubular cells apparently was a reflection of the differences in the reabsorption capacity of the tubular cells, attributable to the tubular dysfunction of renal allografts. The infiltrating lysozyme-positive cells probably contribute to the increased urinary excretion of lysozyme during acute rejection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1979.tb03024.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relation of different inflammatory cell types to the various parenchymal components of rejecting kidney allografts (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Histopathology 4 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Histochemical and immunoperoxidase techniques were used to characterize the spatial relationships of various inflammatory cell types to the different transplant structures in human renal allograft rejection. T lymphocytes were identified by acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) staining, plasma cells by intracyto-plasmic immunoglobulin, mononuclear phagocytes by intracytoplasmic ‘dispersed’ ANAE reaction and/or lysozyme staining and granulocytes by intra-cellular lactoferrin. In the two cases of acute rejection the infiltrate around the blood vessels consisted mainly of lymphocytes, whereas the infiltrate around the tubules and within the glomerular tufts consisted mainly of mononuclear phagocytes. In acute rejection only a few plasma cells and granulocytes were seen. In the single case of chronic rejection studied, the lymphocytes were no longer concentrated exclusively around the blood vessels, but diffusely distributed throughout the kidney parenchyma. The different distribution of various inflammatory cells may reflect differences in the functions of these cell types in graft destruction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1980.tb02946.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclosporin in the treatment of paltno-plantar pustulosis (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 120 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb01389.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topical provocation of fixed drug eruption (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 116 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To determine whether topical provocation could be used for the diagnosis of fixed drug eruption (FDE) instead of systemic provocation, we applied the suspected drug at various concentrations (1–10%,) in either petrolatum, 94% ethanol or dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)as an open test on both clinically normal skin and on previous FDE lesions in 24 patients with established FDE due to phenazone salicylate, a sulphonamide, doxycycline, trimethoprim, chlormezanone, a barbiturate, or carbamazepine. In 18 of the 24 patients, local provocation of FDE was seen at sites of previous eruption but never on clinically normal skin. With some drugs, e.g. phenazone salicylate, positive provocation of FDE was seen with all the vehicles used; with sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim, a positive result was seen only in DMSO. To study cross-reactions to other phenazone derivatives in patients with an FDE caused by phenazone salicylate, we applied topical phenazone, aminophenazone and propyphenazone to sites of previous FDE lesions in three patients. In all three, a positive reaction was seen with phenazone, but only one patient showed positive results with aminophenazone and propyphenazone. The present study suggests that topical provocation is useful with several drugs causing FDE. Testing should always be performed on sites of previous FDE, and the sensitivity of the open topical testing can be increased in certain cases by using a vehicle which increases penetration of the drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb05879.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allergic and toxic contact dermatitis: inflammatory cell subtypes in epicutaneous test reactions (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 105 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify T lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes and plasma cells in situ from allergic and toxic epicutaneous test reactions. Intraccllular α-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), endogenous peroxidase and immunoglobulin were used as markers for inflammatory cells. In allergic contact dermatitis 76 ± 7% of all cells were ANAE-positiveT lymphocytes, 13 ± 6% mononuclear phagocytes and 12 ± 6%), ANAE-negative cells. In toxic skin lesions the corresponding values were 64 ± 20%, 18 ± 15% and 18 ± 6%, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the allergic and toxic skin reactions. The basic reaction type in allergic and toxic contact dermatitis seems to be similar, with possibly some qualitative and quantitative differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1981.tb00795.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy and tolerability of three different doses of oral pimecrolimus in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 152 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  Adult atopic dermatitis (AD) can seriously affect quality of life of patients and their families, and patients' disease is frequently not satisfactorily controlled with topical therapy. There is a need for alternatives to topical treatment in patients with moderate to severe AD.Objectives  To investigate the efficacy and safety of oral pimecrolimus, and to determine the response to three different doses in the treatment of AD.Methods  In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-finding study, patients with moderate to severe AD were randomized to receive either placebo, or oral pimecrolimus 10, 20 or 30 mg twice daily. The study consisted of a pretreatment phase, a 12-week double-blind treatment phase, and a 12-week post-treatment phase.Results  In total, 103 patients were randomized. A clear, dose-dependent therapeutic effect of pimecrolimus treatment was observed, with a statistically significant onset of efficacy at week 2 and the greatest reduction from baseline of the Eczema Area and Severity Index of 66·6% at week 7 in the 30 mg twice daily dose group. Oral pimecrolimus was well tolerated and there were no signs of nephrotoxicity or the induction of hypertension.Conclusions  These data demonstrate the clinically relevant efficacy and short-term safety of oral pimecrolimus in adults with moderate to severe AD. Longer-term studies in larger cohorts are now required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06674.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of 1-year intermittent treatment with topical tacrolimus monotherapy on skin collagen synthesis in patients with atopic dermatitis (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 150 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  Topical corticosteroids decrease collagen synthesis during short-term treatment and can induce skin atrophy when applied over the long term. In contrast, short-term tacrolimus ointment therapy does not affect collagen synthesis.Objectives  Our aim was to evaluate the long-term effects of 0·1% tacrolimus ointment on collagen synthesis and on skin thickness in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD) and to compare the findings with the effects of conventional steroid-based therapy.Methods  Fifty-six patients with AD were treated with 0·1% tacrolimus ointment in a 1-year, open-label, prospective clinical trial. Thirty-six patients with AD applied conventional steroid-based therapy and 27 healthy subjects were recruited as controls. The primary endpoint was the change in levels of procollagen propeptides I and III measured by radioimmunoassay between baseline and month 12. Additional endpoints included the change in skin thickness measured by ultrasound between baseline and month 12.Results  Procollagen propeptide baseline values were significantly lower in the group to be treated with tacrolimus ointment than in healthy controls. One-year treatment with tacrolimus ointment was associated with an increase in collagen synthesis; the median increase in combined procollagen propeptide levels was 272 µg L−1 (+ 140·9%, P 〈 0·001) and was accompanied by a significant increase in skin thickness. In three patients with visible skin atrophy, this condition ameliorated. Corticosteroid-based therapy had no significant effect on collagen synthesis; the median increase in combined procollagen propeptide levels was 11 µg L−1 (+ 3·9%). A significant reduction in skin thickness was demonstrated.Conclusions  Long-term tacrolimus ointment therapy in patients with AD is nonatrophogenic and reverses corticosteroid-induced skin atrophy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06017.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    0·03% tacrolimus ointment applied once or twice daily is more efficacious than 1% hydrocortisone acetate in children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized double-blind controlled trial (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 150 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  Topical corticosteroids are the usual treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD) in children but can have side-effects.Objectives  This study compared the efficacy and safety of 0·03% tacrolimus ointment applied once or twice daily over a 3-week period with the twice daily application of 1% hydrocortisone acetate (HA) ointment in children with moderate to severe AD.Patients and methods  Patients applied ointment daily to all affected body surface areas. The primary study endpoint was the percentage change in the modified Eczema Area and Severity Index (mEASI) between baseline and treatment end.Results  Six hundred and twenty-four patients, aged 2–15 years, applied 0·03% tacrolimus ointment once daily (n = 207), twice daily (n = 210) or 1% HA twice daily (n = 207). By the end of treatment, application of 0·03% tacrolimus ointment both once or twice daily resulted in significantly greater median percentage decreases in mEASI (66·7% and 76·7%, respectively) compared with 1% HA (47·6%; P 〈 0·001). Furthermore, the median percentage decrease in mEASI was significantly greater for patients applying 0·03% tacrolimus twice daily compared with once daily (P = 0·007). Patients with severe AD benefited especially from twice daily application of 0·03% tacrolimus ointment compared with once daily application (P = 0·001). Transient mild to moderate skin burning occurred significantly more often in the 0·03% tacrolimus groups (P = 0·028) but resolved in most cases within 3–4 days. Laboratory parameters showed no clinically relevant changes.Conclusions  0·03% tacrolimus ointment applied once or twice daily is significantly more efficacious than 1% HA in treating moderate–severe AD in children. Twice daily application of 0·03% tacrolimus ointment results in the greatest improvement in mEASI, and is especially effective in patients with severe baseline disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2004.05782.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tacrolimus and topical steroids, which is more effective?: reply from authors (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 151 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06294.x
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