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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Selenium ; glycolytic enzymes ; gluconeogenic enzymes ; gene expression ; streptozotocin-diabetic rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Selenium is a trace element that exerts certain insulin-like actions in vitro. In this study, we evaluated its in vivo effects on the glucose homeostasis of rats made diabetic and insulin-deficient by streptozotocin. Na2SeO4 was administered ad libitum in drinking water and/or food for 10 weeks. The elevated plasma glucose levels (~ 25 mmol/l) and glucosuria (~ 85 mmol/day) of untreated rats were decreased by 50 and 80%, respectively, by selenate treatment. The beneficial effect of selenate was also evident during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests: the integrated glucose responses were decreased by 40–50% as compared to those in untreated rats. These effects were not due to an increase in plasma insulin levels. Compared to non-diabetic rats, pancreatic insulin reserves were reduced by more than 90% in treated and untreated diabetic rats. The hepatic activities and mRNA levels of two key glycolytic enzymes, glucokinase and l-type pyruvate kinase were blunted in diabetic rats. They increased ~ two- to threefold after selenate treatment, to reach 40–75% of the values in non-diabetic rats. In contrast, elevated activity and mRNA levels of the gluconeogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, were reduced by 40–65% after selenate administration. Since selenate induced a moderate decrease in body weight due to an anorexigenic effect, we checked that there was no improvement of glucose homeostasis or hepatic glucose metabolism in an additional group of calorie-restricted diabetic rats, which was weight-matched with the selenate group. In addition, no obvious toxic side-effects on the kidney or liver were observed in the rats receiving selenate. In conclusion, selenate induces a sustained improvement of glucose homeostasis in streptozotocin-diabetic rats by an insulin-like action, which involves partial correction of altered pretranslational regulatory mechanisms in liver metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Suprasellar masses ; MRI ; CT ; Contrast media ; Differential diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This review demonstrates the features of truly suprasellar masses in modern imaging based on the clinical, CT, and MRI findings of 42 patients with suprasellar masses in correlation to the histologic findings. The radiologic examinations were evaluated retrospectively to determine if diagnosis can be made based on specific imaging patterns. The most frequent clinical findings of space-occupying suprasellar masses were visual disturbances, diabetes insipidus, and symptoms and signs of occlusive hydrocephalus. There were no clinical features specific for any of the observed masses. Craniopharyngiomas were the most frequent tumors. They appeared in two different forms, as cystic and as solid enhancing masses. The cystic tumors could not be differentiated from cystic hamartomas or cystic gliomas by CT or MRI. The solid craniopharyngiomas were similar to meningiomas and hamartomas. In craniopharyngiomas of adults calcifications were not common. In CT and especially in MRI gliomas were characterized by the diffuse infiltration of the adjacent brain tissue or optic nerve. Except for meningiomas, all lesions were highly variable in appearance, making a reliable characterization by CT and MRI difficult in many cases. However, administration of contrast media in some cases resulted in a better tumor delineation. Compared with unenhanced MRI the enhanced scans did not increase diagnostic efficacy for neoplasms, but were helpful in the differentiation from inflammatory diseases. The MRI technique was superior to CT in demonstrating the anatomic relationships, thus facilitating evaluation of origin and extent of the lesions. The CT technique, of course, was more reliable in the detection of calcifications. Both CT and MRI are not tissue-specific, however,and suprasellar tumors as well as many other neoplasms cannot be classified using only one of these imaging techniques.To optimize the diagnostic strategy both imaging modalities should be used with close regard to patient history, physical examination, and clinical parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Epidermoid cyst ; Intracranial ; Vertebral artery duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A case of a duplication of the left vertebral artery associated with a premedullary epidermoid cyst at the level of the foramen magnum is described. The close proximity of the two malformative lesions in the present case and the overlap of the periods when such developmental abnormalities can arise suggest that they might be causally linked.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid leakage ; chronic subdural haematoma ; intracranial pressure ; spinal injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes a patient who developed bilateral chronic subdural haematomas after a stab injury to the thoracic meninges causing prolonged cerebrospinal fluid leakage into the epidural space. Diagnostic findings and therapeutic management are presented and possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed. This case suggests that patients who have symptoms or signs of increased intracranial pressure after a penetrating spinal injury should be studied for subdural haematoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Keywords: fMRI; motor cortex; pre-operative planning; image-guided intervention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Purpose: This paper describes the potentials of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to map sensory motor cortex in patients with mass lesions near primary motor cortex and to guide neurosurgical procedures located close to eloquent brain regions. Material and Methods: 7 patients with mass lesions near the central sulcus and 10 healthy volunteers were studied using a blood oxygenation level dependent 2D multislice multishot T2* weighted gradient echo EPI sequence on a 1.5T Phillips Gyroscan during alternating epochs of rest and motor activation of hand, foot and tongue. Sites of neuronal activation were identified by statistical analysis of the signal time course using Kolmogorov Smirnov statistics. Results: Neuronal activation following motor tasks consistently localised to the contralateral precentral gyrus and the supplementary motor area, even in the presence of local brain pathology. Additionally we could observe activation in primary sensory areas (postcentral gyrus) and supplementary motor area (SMA) in some cases. Conclusion: fMRI is capable of mapping sensory motor cortex even in the presence of distorting brain lesions. Since this information will provide valuable information to the neurosurgeon during pre-operative planning, we consider this method for neurosurgical navigation a valuable tool in the routine diagnostic of intracerebral interventions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Mineralokortikoidrezeptor – Glukokortikoidrezeptor – corticotropin-releasing hormone – Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrindenachse – Gehirn – Stress ; Key words Mineralocorticoid receptor – glucocorticoid receptor – corticotropin-releasing hormone – hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis – brain – stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two types of corticosteroid receptors have been identified in the brain and pituitary that play an important role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. These glucocorticoid hormone binding receptors are the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Evidently, a tight control of the concentration and function of these receptors is of prime importance for maintaining and regaining homeostasis after stressful challenges. Here, we describe a novel mechanism revealing a rapid upsurge in MR density in the hippocampus (a limbic structure highly involved in HPA axis regulation) after an acute psychologically stressful challenge. This rise in MR is accompanied by a stronger MR-mediated inhibitory control of the HPA axis. Thus, an acute stressful experience results in a reorganization of the HPA axis involving a principal role of the hippocampal MR. This novel mechanism may be of significance for increasing our understanding of the etiology of stress-related disorders.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Gehirn und in der Hypophyse kommen zwei Arten von Kortikosteroid-Rezeptoren vor, die eine wichtige Rolle bei der Regulation der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-Achse spielen. Diese beiden Rezeptoren, der Mineralokortikoid-Rezeptor (MR) und der Glukokortikoid-Rezeptor, binden Glukokortikoidhormone. Offensichtlich ist eine genaue Kontrolle der Konzentration und Funktion dieser Rezeptoren außerordentlich wichtig für den Erhalt und die Wiederherstellung der Homöostase nach stressvollen Ereignissen. Hier beschreiben wir einen neuen Mechanismus, der einen raschen Anstieg der MR-Dichte im Hippocampus (limbische Struktur, die ganz wesentlich in die HPA-Achsen-Regulation involviert ist) nach einer akuten, psychologisch stressvollen Herausforderung zeigt. Dieser MR-Anstieg geht mit einem stärkeren – MR-vermittelten – inhibierenden Einfluss auf die HPA-Achse einher. Somit resultiert eine akute stressvolle Erfahrung in einer Reorganisation der HPA-Achse, bei welcher dem hippocampalen MR eine Hauptrolle zuzuschreiben ist. Dieser neue Mechanismus könnte für die Erweiterung unseres Verständnisses hinsichtlich der Entstehung stressbedingter Erkrankungen von Bedeutung sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    The @Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 40 (1991), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 0960-0760
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    The @Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 37 (1990), S. 387-394 
    ISSN: 0960-0760
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Chemical Physics Letters 180 (1991), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 0009-2614
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Chemical Physics Letters 190 (1992), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 0009-2614
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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