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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Chloroquine ; Malaria ; Pregnancy; blood pharmacokinetics ; prophylaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Routine malaria prophylaxis with chloroquine (CQ) is recommended to pregnant semi-immune women in several countries in Africa. The dosage is empirically based. We investigated whether blood CQ concentrations and apparent oral blood clearance (CL/F) change during the course of pregnancy. We also studied whether malaria parasites could be detected together with low CQ blood levels. Methods: Forty nine semi-immune Tanzanian women were recruited in the 16th week of pregnancy. They were given 310 mg oral CQ base once per week as prophylaxis during the whole pregnancy. Capillary blood samples were taken for analysis of CQ before treatment and at weeks 26 and 36. Blood samples were dried on filter paper and analysed by HPLC. Blood was also drawn to detect occurrence of malaria parasites. Results: A total of 25 women fulfilled the sampling schedule. CL/F increased significantly from 160 ml ·  min−1 at week 26 to 180 ml · min−1 at week 36. In 7 of 25 women, CL/F increased 〉20%. Trough blood CQ concentrations, determined on four occasions at week 26 and at week 36 varied between 200 and 900 nmol · l−1. No statistically significant differences between occasions were seen. Malaria parasites were seen in two individuals early in pregnancy. Conclusion: Blood CQ CL/F showed a small increase during the course of pregnancy. The estimated mean blood CL/F values of 160 and 180 ml · min−1 (week 26 and 36, respectively) were higher than the mean CL/F of 125 ml · min−1 in non-pregnant individuals, published previously. Efficacy of higher dosages of CQ in malaria prophylaxis in pregnant women could, therefore, be evaluated in controlled trials in high-risk malaria areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 46 (1994), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: U-62066E ; Opioid antagonist ; blood pressure ; heart rate ; plasma catecholamines ; naloxone ; Doppler regional blood flow ; kappa receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cardiovascular and central nervous system effects of the kappa opioid receptor agonist U-62066E were investigated in ten normal male subjects who received U-62066E or placebo with low or high dose naloxone in a randomized, double blind study. Blood pressure and heart rate in the supine and standing position, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline, regional Doppler blood velocity indices and psychometric assessments were recoreded for 1.25 h before and 6 h following injection. U-62066E caused sedation and dysphoria but no euphoria. Plasma noradrenaline was increased by U62066E when compared with basal levels. This action of U62066E was prevented by high but not low dose naloxone. U-62066E had no significant effect on blood pressure, heart rate or regional blood flow indices in the vessels studied and no effect on plasma adrenaline levels. Since U62066E at a dose known to have marked kappa effects was not found to influence cardiovascular indices our results do not support a major role for kappa opioids in the control of the circulation. However, U62066E may influence noradrenaline release or clearance and cause sedation and psychotomimetic effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Doppler measurement ; Blood velocity waveform ; reproducibility ; external and internal carotid ; middle cerebral and brachial arteries ; ascending aorta ; haemodynamic interventions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reproducibility of Doppler blood velocity waveform measurements in external and internal carotid, middle cerebral, and brachial arteries and ascending aorta was determined in 8 normal male volunteers twice daily on three occasions each separated by two or more weeks. Measurements were made in supine and standing positions at rest and after taking glyceryl trinitrate and in the supine position after performing a standardized exercise test. The Doppler blood flow waveform indices showed a between days coefficient of variation of less than 15% both for baseline measurements and during haemodynamic change induced by exercise or glyceryl trinitrate. We conclude that Doppler blood velocity waveform measurement in different vascular beds is reproducible at baseline and when the cardiovascular system is interrupted pharmacologically or physiologically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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