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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inverse relationship between beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid and nucleus tractus solitarius in sudden infant death (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 381-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words: Beta-endorphin – Cerebrospinal fluid – Nucleus tractus solitarius – Sudden infant death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) beta-endorphin (BEND) induces bradycardia and respiratory depression which have been reported to precede death in sudden infant death (SID). Of SID victims, 50% have elevated levels of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity (BENDI) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and 50% had undetectable levels. We therefore investigated the relationship of BENDI in the CSF to BENDI levels in the NTS area. This study included SID victims (CSF from n=47, brain stem from n=16), borderline SID victims (CSF and brain stem from n=2), sudden death in childhood (CSF and brain stem from n=1), and controls (CSF from n=32, brain stem from n=11). BEND in CSF and NTS area, after extraction, was measured by radioimmunoassay. High performance liquid chromatography was used for closer identification of BENDI. We found that the SID victims divided into two subpopulations, one having a relatively high BENDI level in CSF and one having no detectable level (P〈0.01). Furthermore, an inverse relationship was found between BENDI level in CSF and BENDI level in NTS area in the SID victims (P〈0.05). We conclude that increased BENDI level in CSF is associated with low BENDI level in the NTS area in 50% of SID victims. The low BENDI level in the NTS area may be due to increased release of BEND.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01956426
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid in victims of sudden infant death correlates with hypoxanthine in vitreous humour (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 152 (1993), S. 935-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Beta-endorphin ; Hypoxanthine ; Hypoxia ; SID
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Beta-endorphin (BEND) may induce respiratory depression. Elevated levels of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity (BENDI) in the CSF are found in children with apnoea and in about 50% of sudden infant death (SID) victims. Premortal hypoxia in SID victims has been indicated by elevated hypoxanthine (HX) levels in the vitreous humour (VH). In this study we correlated BENDI in CSF with HX in VH in SID victims (n=19) and controls (n=18). BEND in CSF was measured by RIA, and HPLC was used for identification of BENDI. HX in VH was measured by HPLC. All the SID victims had elevated levels of HX in VH. The BENDI in CSF divided the SID victims into two subpopulations (P〈0.01); one with undetectable levels (〈4.3 fmol/ml) (n=10) and one with high levels (160–400 fmol/ml) (n=9).In the SID subpopulation with high levels of BENDI in CSF,we found a correlation between BENDI in CSF and HX in VH (r=0.92). Control infants who died a stressful death, such as during heart operations (n=2), had high levels of BENDI in CSF and low levels of HX in VH. Controls who died of infections (n=11) had low levels of BENDI in CSF and elevated levels of HX in VH. Because hypoxia in itself does not increase BENDI in CSF, increased BENDI in CSF is probably not secondary to hypoxia but may be of aetiological significance. We therefore suggest that SID victims with high levels of BENDI in CSF, which correlate with the elevated levels of HX in VH, may die from premortal hypoxia possibly induced by BEND.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957536
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is partial deletion of the complement C4 genes associated with sudden infant death? (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words: Sudden infant death C4 deficiency – Infections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The two C4 loci C4A and C4B in 61 cases of sudden infant death (SID), 93 living controls and 7 cases of infectious death were studied. In the SID group 13.1% showed deletion of the C4A gene, while 2.5% of the cases showed deletion of the C4B gene. This was not significantly different from neither the controls nor the infectious death group. We were not able to confirm that deletion of the C4B gene is associated with SID. However, in the SID group deletion of either the C4A or the C4B gene was associated with signs of infections prior to death (P=0.035). This observation may indicate that a proportion of SID victims are more vulnerable to infections than other infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954522
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The complement component C4 in sudden infant death (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 210-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words C4 deficiency ; Infections ; Sudden infant death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to compare partial deletions of the complement C4 gene in victims of totally unexplained sudden infant death (SID) (n = 89) and borderline SID (n = 15) with and without slight infections prior to death, in cases of infectious death (n = 19), and in living infants with and without infections (n = 84). The SID and borderline SID groups were pooled. In this total SID group slight infections prior to death was associated with deletion of either the C4A or the C4B gene (P = 0.033), and the SID victims with such infections had a higher deletion frequency than the controls (P = 0.039). There were no differences between the living infants with and without upper airway infections. Conclusion The present study confirms that partial deletions of the C4 gene in combination with slight upper airway infections may be a risk factor in sudden infant death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051051
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the use of dummy or carry-cot of importance for sudden infant death? (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 968-970 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Dummy ; Carry-cot ; Sudden infant death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The study was undertaken to test the significance of dummy use and carry-cots for counts of sudden infant death (SID). Based on the impression that very few SID victims have a dummy (comforter, pacifier) in their mouth at the time of death, and that a high proportion of SID babies were found dead in a carry-cot (portable crib, pram), a case-control study was performed. Questionnaires were sent to 167 parents of SID victims and to 352 parents of live-infants matched for sex and time of birth. Questionnaires were returned by 121 parents of SID victims (73%) and 307 parents of controls (87%). Only 4 SID victims (3%) were found dead with a dummy in their mouth. A quarter of the controls always used a dummy, 24% during night-time and 23% during daytime between 0 and 2 months of age, whereas this was only true for 10% in the SID group, the odds ratios being 0.27 for night-time and 0.36 for daytime. This trend was also seen until 1 year of life. Of the SID victims, 48% were found dead in a carry-cot, 79% during the cold time of the year and two thirds outdoors. Most deaths occurred during the afternoon (12 pm–5 pm). In both SID and control groups daytime use of carry-cots was equally frequent. Approximately 40% in both groups slept in such a cot between 5–7 days a week during the daytime. Conclusion The use of dummy could be a favourable factor in the prevention of SID. Because of the frequent use of carry-cots during the daytime both in the SID group and the control group, the high percentage of SID in such cots does not seem to be of significance. However the high frequency of deaths in outdoor placed carry-cots during the cold period of the year may give clues to understanding the death mechanism in SID.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050753
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is partial deletion of the complement C4 genes associated with sudden infant death? (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Sudden infant death ; C4 deficiency ; Infections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The two C4 loci C4A and C4B in 61 cases of sudden infant death (SID), 93 living controls and 7 cases of infectious death were studied. In the SID group 13.1% showed deletion of the C4A gene, while 2.5% of the cases showed deletion of the C4B gene. This was not significantly different from neither the controls nor the infectious death group. We were not able to confirm that deletion of the C4B gene is associated with SID. However, in the SID group deletion of either the C4A or the C4B gene was associated with signs of infections prior to death (P=0.035). This observation may indicate that a proportion of SID victims are more vulnerable to infections than other infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954522
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase G985 mutation involved in sudden infant death in Norway? (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 166-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01991929
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of immune response markers in the trachea in the fetal period and the first year of life (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Pediatric allergy and immunology 4 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3038
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells. T cells (CD3) and epithelial expression of seeretory component (SC) and HLA class II determinants (DR, -DP, -DQ) were studied by immunohistochemistry in 16 fetal and 15 postnatal specimens from the tracheal wall. Small amounts of secretory component (SC) was present in the traeheal surface and gland epithelium in the fetal period and inereased towards term. A few IgM-, IgD- and IgG-producing cells were present in some fetal specimens but no IgA- and IgE-produeing cells were found. Only very few CD3 + T-cells were present in fetal specimens and intraepithelial T-cells were virtually absent until after birth. Premature infants that lived for 1 week had less SC epithelial expression than mature infants of the same age. The density of CD3 + T-cells. IgA-, IgM-producing cells as well as the epithelial SC expression increased rapidly after birth. Epithelial MHC class II expression was absent in fetal specimens. HLA-DR was detected on the apical border of the surface epithelium one week after birth and was extensively expressed throughout the remaining postnatal period. E-pithelial DP and PQ expression were virtually absent during this same period. These features probably reflect local activation of the immune system in response to environmental factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.1993.tb00059.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the concentration and distribution of immunoglobulin-producing cells in SIDS palatine tonsils (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Pediatric allergy and immunology 6 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3038
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Seventeen sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases and 9 controls, were examined immunohistochemically with regard to the presence of IgA-, IgM-, IgD, and IgG, as well as for thesubtypes IgG1, IgG2-, IgG3-, and IgG4-immunocytes. Differences in compartmentalization were also investigated. Differences were demonstrated between SIDS and controls in total number of IgG cells per 0.1 mm2 tissue area (median: 18.3, range: 12.3-30.2 versus median: 6.3, range: 2.0-14.6) (p〈0.01), and for IgA immunocytes (median: 3.9, range: 2.4-5.0 versus median: 1.5, range: 1.1-3.7) (p〈0.05), while no differences were demonstrated for IgM cells (median: 1.8, range: 1.2-3.3 versus median: 1.8, range: 0.7-5.6) or IgD cells (median: 1.9, range: 0.8-2.9 versus median: 1.6, range: 0.7-2.4). Differences were demonstrated between SIDS and control IgG plasma cells in all the four palatine tonsillar compartments; germinal centre (p〈0.01), mantle zone (p〈0.05), interfollicular area (p〈0.01) and reticular epithelium (p〈0.01). Furthermore, the number of IgA cells was higher in SIDS vs. controls in both the germinal centre (median: 1.4, range: 0.6-2.1 versus median: 0.6, range: 0.3-1.3) (p〈0.05) and in the interfollicular area (median: 2.2, range: 1.1-3.1 versus median: 0.5, range: 0.4-2.0) (p〈0.01). For IgM immunocytes, differences were demonstrated in the germinal centre (median: 1.0, range: 0.4-1.6 versus median: 0.4, range: 0.3-1.3) (p〈0.01) as well as in the germinal centre (median: 0.6, range: 0.5-0.8 versus median: 0.4, range: 0.3-0.7) (p〈0.01) and in the interfollicular area (median: 1.2, range: 0.8-1.6 versus median: 0.5, range: 0.5-0.7) (p〈0.01) in the IgD immunocyte group. The total number of IgG1- and IgG3-immunocytes were increased in SIDS (median 15.6, range: 5.3-58.9 versus median: 2.5, range: 1.5-8.4) (p〈0.01) and (median: 3.6, range: 0.4-8.6 versus median: 1.1, range: 0.4-1.3) (p〈0.01) respectively. Furthermore, significantly increased numbers of these two subclasses, were seen in all the four compartments in the SIDS cases. The palatine tonsillar immune system is stimulated in SIDS. Furthermore, the changes being predominantly in the germinal centres and interfollicular areas, are indicating a recent stimulation, and the IgG-subgroup response pattern makes a viral protein antigen the most likely stimulant.;
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.1995.tb00258.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of HLA Class I and II (DR, DP and DQ) Determinants in Fetal and Postnatal Salivary Glands (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 34 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fetal (n=20)and postnatal (n = 40) parotid glands were examined by two-colour immunohisto-chemistry combining monoclonal and polyclonal antibody reagents lo study the expression of HLA class I and Il (DR. DP. and DQ). CD45 and CD3, The epithelium lacked class II during fetal life, whereas class I determinants appeared in some acini and most major ducts. Fetal vessels were positive for both class I and class II (mainly DR), suggesting constructive expression. Some class II-positive (DR 〉 DP DQ) histiocytic cells, scaltered CD45+ leucocytes, and very few CD3+ T cells were present in the fetal stroma. The epithelium remained DR-negative the first few weeks after birth, but brisk expression was seen subsequently, DP and DQ remained virtually negative in the epithelium throughout the first year. A slight postnatal increase of class II expression (DR 〉 DP 〉 DQ). along with an apparent decrease in class I. was observed in the endothelium. The number of class Il-positive histiocytic cells. CD45+ leucocytes and CD3+ T cells, as well as the proportion of presumably activated (DR+) T cells, increased a few weeks after birth. The local immune system hence seemed to be stimulated by extrinsic factors, but the overall number of T cells nevertheless remained small. Stimuli other than T cell-derived lymphokines, therefore, probably explained the brisk postnatal epithelial DR induction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01577.x
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