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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 52 (1980), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Spine ; extradural ; metastatic tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary One hundred and twenty cases of malignant extradural spinal compression have been reviewed. It is essential to treat such patients early whilst their neurological defects are minimal. When useful function has been lost, it is rarely regained postoperatively, irrespective of the rate of onset, and particularly if the duration of the fixed deficit exceeds 24 hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 5 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Physiological responses at different ambient temperatures and temperature-dependent changes in immune responsiveness are polymorphic. At 4d̀C, the antigen elimination from the bodies of SJL and C57B1/6 mice is accelerated. In SJL, but not in C57B1/6 mice, the half-life of antigen elimination decreased between the ages of 3 and 11 weeks. Parental mice and their F1 hybrids showed a fall in rectal temperature, which was greatest in young animals. Hypothermia was greater in C57B1/6 than in SJL and F1 hybrids; in 3 week old C57B1/6 it resulted in high mortality. The response to aggregated human immunoglobulin (HGG) was evaluated by (a) the number of animals with detectable antibody, (b) the minimal dose of antigen eliciting detectable antibody, and (c) the mean titre of haemagglutinating antibody. SJL mice were more responsive than C57B1/6 mice. Low antibody formation in the secondary response was dominant, i.e. the amount of antibody produced by (SJL × C57B1/6)F1 mice was the same as that produced by the parental C57B1/6 strain. In a primary response, the quantity of antibody varied with the age of the immunized animal; 18 week old mice responded to lower minimal doses of antigen and produced more haemagglutinating antibody than 3 week old animals.After a second injection with HGG, SJL but not C57B1/6 mice produced more antibody when kept at 14d̀C rather than at 22d̀C or 30d̀C, and produced the lowest antibody titres when kept at 4d̀C. The relation between ambient temperature and the response of the SJL mice was dominant over that of the C57B1/6 strain.Primary differed from secondary responsiveness in that neither strain produced significantly lower titres when ambient temperature fell to 4d̀C; only 18 week old SJL mice responded with a marginal decrease in peak antibody production.The described polymorphism may affect both the individual capacity to cope with low temperatures and the evolutionary adaptation of a species to climatic extremes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 40 (1948), S. 1437-1440 
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of cigarette smoking and its active component, nicotine, on the gastric emptying of solid food was assessed in a randomized double-blind crossover design. Ten regular smokers were studied after a 6 h fast and least 18 h after their last cigarette. Subjects smoked a total of three high (1.91 mg) or low (0.17 mg) nicotine cigarettes, before and after a technetium-labelled solid meal and were scanned by gamma camera periodically over a 2-h period. All calculations of gastric emptying revealed a significant delay after smoking high versus low nicotine cigarettes in: mean per cent isotope remaining in the stomach at each measurement point from 90–120 min; amount of meal remaining in the stomach at 2 h; and mean time at which 50% of the meal had emptied (T1/2). Delay in gastric emptying was significantly correlated with increase in serum nicotine concentration on the high nicotine day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 143 (1999), S. 339-346 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Nicotine ; Smoking ; Naltrexone ; Opiates ; Mechanism ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rationale: The role of endogenous opiate systems in cigarette smoking remains unclear. In laboratory animals, opiate antagonists block many of the effects of nicotine, but in humans they do not consistently alter smoking behavior. Objective: This study explored the effects of naltrexone, alone and in combination with nicotine, on smoking behavior. Methods: In a double-blind, double-dummy, within-subjects design, 19 regular smokers received four treatments of 1 week duration: naltrexone tablet (50 mg) plus placebo skin patch, placebo tablet plus nicotine skin patch (21 mg/24 h), naltrexone tablet plus nicotine skin patch, and placebo tablet plus placebo skin patch. During each treatment, subjects rated their responses to nicotine-containing and denicotinized cigarettes in the laboratory, and to their own brand of cigarette smoked ad libitum outside the laboratory. Results: Pretreatment with the nicotine patch attenuated smoking-induced decreases in craving, negative affect, and rates of ad lib smoking, and potentiated the aversiveness of a cigarette. Naltrexone reversed these effects of the nicotine patch, and produced negative effects on mood. Conclusions: The blockade of nicotine’s effects by naltrexone supports a role for opioid mechanisms in cigarette smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 119 (1995), S. 124-126 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Smoking ; Nicotine ; Haloperidol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten patients with schizophrenia participated in 120-min free-smoking sessions when actively psychotic and free of antipsychotic medications, and again after the initiation of haloperidol treatment. During these free-smoking sessions they had access to cigarettes ad libitum. Their expired air carbon monoxide (CO) and plasma nicotine and cotinine levels were measured at the end of the 120-min free-smoking sessions. These patients smoked more after starting haloperidol treatment, relative to their baseline rate of smoking when free of antipsychotic medications, as evidenced by significantly higher expired CO and plasma nicotine levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ; Attention ; Treatment ; Nicotine skin patches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several lines of evidence suggest that nicotine may be useful in treating the symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The current study was an acute, placebo-controlled double-blind experiment to determine whether nicotine might be useful as an alternative treatment of adults with ADHD symptomatology. Six smokers and 11 nonsmokers who were outpatient referrals for ADHD were diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria. Measures of treatment effect included the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale, Hopkins' symptom check list (SCL-90-R), the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Conners' computerized Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Stroop test, and an interval-timing task. The smokers underwent overnight deprivation from smoking and were given a 21 mg/day nicotine skin patch for 4.5 h during a morning session. The nonsmokers were given a 7 mg/day nicotine skin patch for 4.5 h during a morning session. Active and placebo patches were given in a counterbalanced order approximately 1 week apart. Nicotine caused a significant overall nicotine-induced improvement on the CGI. This effect was significant when only the nonsmokers were considered, which indicated that it was not due merely to withdrawal relief. Nicotine caused significantly increased vigor as measured by the POMS test. Nicotine caused an overall significant reduction in reaction time (RT) on the CPT, as well as, with the smokers, a significant reduction in another index of inattention, variability in reaction time over trial blocks. Nicotine improved accuracy of time estimation and lowered variability of time-estimation response curves. Because improvements occurred among nonsmokers, the nicotine effect appears not to be merely a relief of withdrawal symptoms. It is concluded that nicotine deserves further clincal trials with ADHD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 130 (1997), S. 28-40 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Nicotine ; Self-administration ; Dopamine ; Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Studies of nicotine self-administration in animal and human subjects are discussed with respect to the behavioral paradigms employed, the effects of nicotine dose manipulations and nicotinic agonist/antagonist pre-treatment, and the role of neurochemical processes mediating reinforcement. Animal models have focused on intravenous nicotine self-administration, while most studies in human subjects have studied cigarette smoking behavior. Despite procedural differences, data from both animal and human studies show an inverted-U function relating nicotine dose to self-administration behavior, with maximal rates of responding occurring at intermediate doses of nicotine. Moreover, nicotine supplementation via non-contingent nicotine administration suppresses nicotine self-administration behavior in both animal models and human cigarette smokers. Nicotine antagonist treatment also reduces responding, although human studies usually find a transient increase in smoking, which is interpreted as an attempt to compensate for nicotinic receptor blockade. Amongst the neurochemical systems which have been examined, most emphasis has been given to dopamine. The mesolimbic dopamine pathway has been implicated in nicotine reward based on animal studies, and research with humans suggests a role for dopaminergic processes as well. However, dopaminergic blockade appears to increase cigarette smoking behavior in humans, while in animals nicotine self-administration is attenuated. Future research should exploit the complementary aspects of animal models and human paradigms to provide a coherent understanding of nicotine reinforcement. Animal models allow for analysis of anatomical and physiological mechanisms underlying nicotine self-administration; human studies validate the relevance to tobacco dependence and smoking cessation treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 15 (1986), S. 693-714 
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Studies of synaptogenesis in the developing organ of Corti in the intact mouse and in culture indicate that the inner and outer hair cells contain three populations of synaptic ribbons, i.e. ribbons adjacent to nerve fibres, free intracellular ribbons and misplaced ribbons apposed to non-neuronal elements. Ribbons adjacent to nerve fibres can be further classified into: ribbons synaptically engaged, ribbons participating in formation of presynaptic complexes only and ribbons that are not engaged to the hair cell membrane. In the developing innervated cultures the ribbon distributions are similar to those in the normal animal. Inner and outer hair cells differ in distribution of the ribbons. In the inner hair cells the ribbons adjacent to the nerve fibres are dominant (over 90%) and most of them (88%) are synaptically engaged. In the outer hair cells the presynaptic ribbons dominate the population (up to 60%) during the first postnatal week when the cells acquire afferent synaptic connections. This stage is followed by a marked reduction in the number of all ribbons. In the intact animal the rapid decrease results in a relative increase of misplaced and free ribbons. These changes are presumably due to the loss of some of the afferents. In the denervated hair cells the distribution of ribbons indicated the presence of conspicuous scatter. In the areas of incomplete denervation, however, the ribbons are apposed to the preserved fibres. Despite denervation, most of the ribbons develop the entire presynaptic complex in apposition to non-neuronal structures. The different populations of synaptic ribbons appear to reflect different stages in synapse formation. Possibly, the synaptic body originates in the interior of the hair cell and subsequently migrates to the cell membrane. In any case, a nerve fibre appears critical in influencing the location of the synaptic ribbon. At the apposition of the ribbon to the hair cell membrane, presynaptic densities are formed and the ribbon appears to become anchored. Typically, the nerve fibre membrane apposed to the presynaptic complex responds with the formation of postsynaptic densities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 15 (1990), S. 123-143 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: AChE ; ChAT ; Immunoreactivity ; Electron microscopy ; Acetyltransferase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have compared the biochemical expression of cholinergic enzymes with the morphological differentiation of efferent nerve fibers and endings in the cochlea of the postnatally developing mouse. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are present in the newborn cochlea at specific activities 63% and 25%, respectively, of their mature levels. The relative increases in ChAT, in AChE, and in its molecular forms over the newborn values start about day 4 and reach maturity by about day 10. The biochemical results correlate well with the massive presence of nerve fibers stained immunocytochemically for ChAT and AChE or enzymatically for AChE in the inner and outer hair cell regions. Ultrastructural studies, however, indicate the presence of only few vesiculated fibers and endings in the inner and outer hair cell regions. The appearance of large, cytologically mature endings occurs only toward the end of the third postnatal week. The discrepancy may be resolved in the electron microscope using the enzymatic staining for AChE. Labeling is seen on many nonvesiculated fibers and endings in the hair cell regions, suggesting that the majority of the efferent fibers in the perinatal organ may be biochemically differentiated but morphologically immature. The results may imply that the efferents to inner and outer hair cells develop earlier than indicated by previous ultrastructural studies. Moreover, the pattern of development suggests that in the cochlea, as in other tissues, the biochemical differentiation of the efferent innervation may precede the morphological maturation.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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