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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 15 (1978), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Haemoglobin A1c ; glycosylated haemoglobins ; diabetic control ; diabetic complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary HbA1c is the product of a reaction between glucose and the N-terminal valine of adult haemoglobin (HbA). The levels of HbA1c are increased in diabetic patients, and reflect their metabolic control. Thus, measurements of HbA1c have proved to be useful in the follow up and treatment of diabetic patients. HbA1c may prove to be valuable for assessing the relationship between diabetic control and long-term complications, as well as in studying the potential glycosylation of proteins in various organs which may occur in the diabetic state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Hypoglycaemia ; insulin ; islet cell tumours ; proinsulin-like material ; streptozotocin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To examine the possibility that the concentration of circulating proinsulin-like material (PLM) might be helpful in evaluating the therapeutic response of patients with islet cell tumours, serum levels of PLM in three patients with islet cell tumours were correlated with hypoglycaemic symptoms and plasma glucose concentrations before and after treatment. In two patients ranges of fasting PLM concentration were 0.21–0.29 and 0.91–0.93 ng/ml, respectively, before treatment. After surgical excision of their islet cell adenomas, PLM concentrations decreased to 0.06–0.09 and 0.03–0.05 ng/ml. Insulin concentrations were low preoperatively in both patients and were unchanged postoperatively. The resulting relief from hypoglycaemia was paralleled by a reduction of PLM, with no significant change in insulin. In a third patient, treatment with streptozotocin resulted in marked symptomatic improvement, a 65% reduction in PLM concentration, but no significant change in insulin levels. Relapse was associated with increasing frequency of hypoglycaemic symptoms and increasing PLM concentrations. These findings suggest that changes in the levels of serum PLM may prove to be a sensitive indicator of the response of islet cell tumours to therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Artificial beta cell ; diabetes ; surgery ; hyperglycaemia ; insulin levels ; C-peptide levels ; β-cell reserve ; insulin resistance ; cortisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An artificial beta cell has been used to achieve and maintain a preset plasma glucose concentration in five diabetic patients undergoing surgery. These subjects were compared to control groups of normal subjects receiving either saline or glucose, and diabetics receiving glucose intraoperatively. Hyperglycaemia during surgery was seen in normals (mean plasma glucose ± SEM: 185±16 mg/dl) and, to a greater degree, diabetics (247±36 mg/dl) receiving glucose. Insulin and C-peptide levels did not increase during 2 hours of operation in any of the control groups, suggesting beta cell suppression during surgery. As C-peptide levels declined similarly in normal subjects whether they received saline or glucose, the hyperglycaemia seems to be due to an inability to use exogenous glucose. This is confirmed by a correlation of maximal plasma glucose to glucose infusion rate (r = 0.78, p〈0.01). The artificial beta cell was able to achieve the same plasma glucose after 2 hours of operation (128±21 mg/dl) as normal subjects receiving saline (110±7 mg/dl). The artificial beta cell proved to be a safe, convenient and effective way of monitoring and controlling the hyperglycaemia seen in diabetic patients undergoing surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pancreatic islet cells ; cell suspensions ; islet cell surface antibodies ; cell surface immunofluorescence ; Protein A radioassay ; cell surface antigens ; autoimmunity ; diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbits were immunised with suspensions of viable, insulin-producing islet cells prepared from collagenase-isolated rat or ob/ob mouse pancreatic islets. Antibodies reactive with the surface of dispersed rat islet cells were present in both the rabbit anti-rat and the rabbit anti -ob/ob mouse islet sera as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence or by a radioligandassay using 125I-Protein A as a measure of cell bound IgG. In a competition assay the binding of 125I-Protein A was displaced in a concentration dependent manner by non-radioactive Protein A. Maximal displacement was found at concentrations of Protein A higher than 0.1 μg. added to 105 islet cells. Although not always detected by immunofluorescence there was a several-fold increase above normal rabbit serum of 125I-Protein A-binding to rat hepatocytes and spleen lymphocytes incubated with the islet cell antisera. Conversely, rabbit antisera against rat spleen lymphocytes or against a rat liver plasma membrane preparation reacted with rat islet cells. The rabbit anti-rat islet cell antiserum was absorbed to both spleen lymphocytes and hepatocytes until there was no binding of 125I-Protein A to either cell type. Islet specific antibodies were still present since this doubly absorbed antiserum induced cell surface immunofluorescence as well as 125I-Protein A-binding to rat islet cells. It is concluded that apart from common antigenic determinants immunisation with viable islet cells induces formation of antibodies directed against specific islet cell surface components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ; interferon ; virus ; C-peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two patients with newly diagnosed insulin dependent diabetes mellitus were treated with human leukocyte interferon based on the hypothesis that the diabetes was induced by an active viral infection in the pancreatic islets and could be arrested. High peak levels of serum interferon were achieved (100–200 U/ml) with minimal systemic side effects. There was no sustained therapeutic benefit as measured by increased production of endogenous insulin, or of C-peptide, or by a lower requirement for exogenous insulin. Further trials with interferon treatment should be undertaken only if evidence of active viral infection (culture, antigen detection) can be associated with insulin dependent diabetes onset and these markers followed during treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type I diabetes ; exercise ; open-loop insulin infusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To assess the risk and possible mechanisms of hypoglycaemia during moderate exercise in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients receiving constant insulin infusion, five insulin-dependent male diabetic patients were exercised 18 h after their last meal and 30 h after their last injection of intermediate acting insulin. Intravenous insulin was initially delivered via a closed-loop infusion system programmed to lower mean blood glucose from 11.3 ± 1.8 to 4.8 ± 0.4 mmol/l over approximately 3.5 h. Blood glucose was then maintained at this level for 4 h. At this time, the closed-loop infusion was discontinued and replaced by an open-loop system. The average amount of insulin infused per min during the 4 h normoglycaemic closed-loop period was calculated and this amount was infused at a constant rate during both a 30 min period of exercise on a bicycle ergometer (approximately 65% maximum oxygen uptake) and a 30 min rest period which followed. Five nondiabetic males served as control subjects. Despite significantly higher free insulin concentrations (p 〈 0.05) and identical preexercise blood glucose concentrations, blood glucose rose during exercise only in the diabetic group (0.5 ± 0.2 mmol/l; p 〈 0.01). Changes in the serum concentrations of lactate, glycerol, glucagon, cortisol, non-esterified fatty acids and growth hormone were similar in the two groups and did not account for the increment of blood glucose in the diabetic patients. Beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were, however, higher in the diabetic patients at the onset of exercise (p 〈 0.01) and decreased significantly more than the control subjects during exercise. We conclude that exercise under these conditions in diabetic patients is not attended by hypoglycaemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Human proinsulin ; radioimmunoassay ; standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two new batches of pancreatic human proinsulin have been compared with biosynthetic human proinsulin. Standards of these three proinsulin preparations were made on the basis of quantitative amino-acid analyses and compared in two proinsulin radioimmunoassays with a proinsulin standard prepared 14 years ago. The curves of the new standards were superimposable. However, they differed considerably from the curve of the old standard which proved to be only one-third of the strength of the new standards, thereby leading to a threefold over-estimation of proinsulin concentrations when the old standard is used. We conclude that the new standards should replace previously used standards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. A9 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 236-238 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Serum insulin ; free fatty acids ; cardiac catheterization ; lung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a analysé l'insuline, les acides gras libres et le glucose du sang artériel et veineux central sur 6 patients soumis à un cathétérisme cardiaque (les communications anormales entre la circulation pulmonaire et systémique ont été exclues). Chez 4 des 6 patients les taux d'insuline du sang artériel étaient inférieurs de 15–19% à ceux du sang veineux central; mais chez un des 6 patients il n'était inférieur que de 10% et chez un autre il était supérieur de 8%. On n'a pas observé de différences importantes dans le sang veineux et artériel central pour les acides gras libres ou pour le glucose.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei 6 Patienten, bei denen eine Katheterisierung des Herzens vorgenommen wurde (wobei sich das Vorliegen eines Shunt ausschließen ließ), wurden gleichzeitig zentral-venöse und arterielle Blutproben entnommen. In diesen wurden Insulin, freie Fettsäuren und Glucose bestimmt. Bei 5 Patienten lag der Insulinspiegel im arteriellen Blut um 13% tiefer als im venösen Blut. Dieser Befund läßt einen Insulinverbrauch oder eine Insulinaktivierung in der Lunge vermuten. Im Hinblick auf freie Fettsäuren und Glucose ließen sich im zentralvenösen und im arteriellen Blut keine wesentlichen Differenzen feststellen.
    Notes: Summary In 6 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization (in whom shunts were excluded) simultaneously sampled central venous and arterial blood specimens were analyzed for insulin, free fatty acids and glucose. Insulin levels were usually (4/6) 15–19% lower in arterial than central venous blood, but once was only 10% lower and once 8% higher. No consistent differences in central venous and arterial blood were noted for either free fatty acids or glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 11 (1975), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Proinsulin ; insulin ; urine ; kidney ; insulinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Proinsulin-like components (PLC) and insulin have been measured in 24 hr urine samples from 8 healthy subjects. The mean excretion of PLC was 45.8 ng and that of insulin 314 ng; the PLC: insulin ratio was 0.14. Urinary PLC was increased 3.5 fold in a patient with a pancreatic islet cell tumor and the PLC: insulin ratio was 0.35. The urinary PLC: insulin ratio is lower than that of serum, presumably because of the relatively lower urinary clearance of the larger molecular weight PLC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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