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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern formation in a ts-cell-lethal mutant ofDrosophila: The range of phenotypes induced by larval heat treatments (1977)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 41-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Imaginal discs ; Pattern formation ; Cell death ; Duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe the range of phenotypes caused by cell death when larvae of the heat-sensitive cell-lethal mutant,l(1)ts726 ofDrosophila, are subjected to heat treatment at different stages of development. When the treatment extends into the pupal period, certain bristles fail to develop but the disc derivatives are otherwise normal. Earlier treatments cause the replacement of sets of leg and eye-antennal markers by mirror image duplications of neighbouring sets. The results are compared in detail with those expected under a gradient model proposed earlier to account for the phenotype. It is found that although the results for the second leg are in excellent agreement with the predictions of the model, a more elaborate hypothesis is necessary to account for the eye-antennal disc data. Abnormal head patterns fall into several distinct categories, any one of which could be explained by postulating the existence of a gradient, if other categories did not also occur. The markers affected in each case belong to overlapping sets, and each category of pattern can be induced by heat treatments administered throughout the temperature-sensitive period. The statistical distribution of the data is such that only one category of pattern would be detected in a small scale experiment. The possible implications relative to pattern formation in normal development are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00849033
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine enemas for active ulcerative colitis—a pilot study (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Since transdermal nicotine is of value in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis but is often associated with side-effects, an alternative in the form of topical therapy with nicotine enemas has been developed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsIn an open study, 22 patients with active colitis, all non-smokers, were asked to take a 100 mL enema containing 6 mg of nicotine every night for 4 weeks. Pre-trial treatment using mesalazine (n=16), oral prednisolone (8), cyclosporin (1) and azathioprine (1) was kept constant for the month prior to assessment and during the study period. Symptoms, with stool frequency, were recorded on a diary card and an endoscopy was performed with rectal biopsy at the beginning of the study and after 4 weeks.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsSeventeen of the 22 patients completed 1 month of treatment. Mean duration of relapse was 29 weeks, range 3–94. Sixteen of 17 improved their St Mark's score. Urgency and stool frequency improved in 12 patients, sigmoidoscopic and histological scores in 10. Three patients had a full remission of symptoms with normal sigmoidoscopy. Six of 10 with a partial response continued with the enemas for a second month and five showed further improvement with full remission in two. The enema appeared effective when added to conventional treatment and produced few side-effects.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionTopical nicotine therapy for ulcerative colitis may have a place in future management, but controlled studies are needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1997.00220.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure analysis of the carbon tetrabromide clathrate of hexakis(phenylseleno)benzene (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 1 (1984), S. 295-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: clathrate ; X-ray crystal structure analysis ; hexakis(phenylseleno)benzene host ; carbon tetrabromide guest species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The 1∶2 inclusion compound of hexakis(phenylseleno)benzene (1) with CBr4 is trigonal, space groupR $$\bar 3$$ , witha=14.474(3),c=21.487(4) Å, and three host and six guest molecules in a unit cell referred to hexagonal axes. A true clathrate structure is found and in each closed cage there are two carbon tetrabromide guest molecules, orientated such that a C−Br bond of each is colinear with thec-axis of the crystal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656763
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do older children take in more smoke from their cigarettes? Evidence from carbon monoxide levels (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of behavioral medicine 9 (1986), S. 559-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3521
    Keywords: smoking ; adolescence ; age ; carbon monoxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured in 125 pupils aged 11–17 years attending a girls' comprehensive school in the South of England who had smoked at least one cigarette on the day of testing. Both number of cigarettes smoked on the day of testing and time since the last cigarette were independently related to CO concentrations. Although there was a positive correlation between age and CO, this disappeared when number of cigarettes smoked on the day of testing and time since the last cigarette were taken into account. Previous reports of increasing CO concentrations with age taking account of cigarette consumption may be due to the use of usual daily cigarette consumption rather than number on the day of testing, which is more relevant given the short half-life of CO in the blood. In this sample, no evidence was found for an increase in smoke inhalation with increasing age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00845285
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic conformational behaviour of an eleven-membered ring in the solid state. X-ray studies of cycloundecylmethyl 1-naphthylcarbamate at 120 and 293 K (1990)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 671-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108768190006747
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformations of trans,trans-cycloundecadienes: molecular-mechanics calculations for cycloundeca-1,4-, -1,5- and -1,6-dienes and X-ray analysis of conformationally disordered (4E,8E)-cycloundeca-4,8-dien-1-ylmethyl p-toluenesulfonate at 292 and 160 K (1989)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 45 (1989), S. 416-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108768189004507
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine intake in smokers increases following a single dose of haloperidol (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Haloperidol ; Drug reward ; Craving ; Human subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of oral haloperidol on nicotine intake, subjective measures of craving and smoking satisfaction were compared with placebo in light-to-moderate smokers from a post-prandial cigarette and during the subsequent hour of unrestricted smoking. Subjects smoked significantly more, as measured by blood nicotine levels, when they had received haloperidol, although there was no difference between haloperidol and placebo an any subjective measures. These findings may be interpreted to reflect a compensatory increase in smoking in order to obtain the usual nicotine reward. Having achieved usual levels of reward, subjects did not experience a decrease in subjective measures of smoking satisfaction or an increase in nicotine craving.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245105
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity and tolerance to nicotine in smokers and nonsmokers (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 105 (1991), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cigarette smoking ; Nicotine tolerance ; Nicotine pharmacokinetics ; Transdermal nicotine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the responses of smokers and life-long non-smokers to transdermal nicotine patches over 24 h in three groups of subjects: non-smokers on a 15 mg patch (n=8), non-smokers on a 30 mg patch (n=8) and smokers on a 30 mg patch (n=8). Unexpectedly, the non-smokers appeared to absorb nicotine more rapidly. The increase in blood nicotine concentrations of non-smokers over the first 2 h of patch use was double that of the smokers, with mean increases of 4.5 (SD=3.7), 10.9 (SD=4.2) and 4.1 (SD=2.7) ng/ml in the three groups, respectively (P〈0.005). The smokers had no pleasant or unpleasant effects from the 30 mg patch ( $$\bar X$$ Cmax 13.9 ng/ml, SD=4.9; Tmax 8.75 h) but all eight non-smokers experienced mild nausea and lightheadedness (P〈0.01) within the first hour, and seven dropped out (P〈0.01) at 3–8 h due mainly to severe nausea, vomiting or headache ( $$\bar X$$ Cmax 18.4 ng/ml, SD=4.9; Tmax 5.25 h). Only one non-smoker dropped out on the 15 mg patch, but five had transient nausea in the first hour ( $$\bar X$$ Cmax 7.9 ng/ml, SD=3.0; Tmax 8.0). Our study provides evidence of chronic pharmacodynamic nicotine tolerance in smokers, but does not address whether this is acquired or innate. The higher rate of transdermal nicotine absorption in non-smokers is unexplained and requires replication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02316865
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiovascular and subjective effects of smoking before and after 24 h of abstinence from cigarettes (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 118-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Heart rate ; Skin temperature ; Subjective effects ; Tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cigarette-induced changes in heart rate, skin temperature and subjective state were measured during the course of a normal smoking day and on smoking after 24 h abstinence in 21 smokers. Heart rate was not affected by smoking a test cigarette during the normal day's smoking, but after 24 h abstinence smoking a cigarette caused an average increase of 14 beats per min. Skin temperature, on the other hand, was reduced by smoking a cigarette under both conditions. Subjective effects of smoking were experienced only after the period of abstinence. The most common was dizziness, but nausea and other effects were also reported. Cigarette-induced changes in heart rate and skin temperature were positively correlated with each other, and the rise in heart rate after abstinence correlated positively with the strength of the subjective response. The results are discussed in terms of similarities and differences between different physiological systems in tolerance to the effects of nicotine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215491
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does switching to an ultra-low nicotine cigarette induce nicotine withdrawal effects? (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 120-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Low yield cigarettes ; Withdrawal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-six smokers took part in a study which examined subjective and physiological effects of switching to an ultra-low yielding cigarette (0.1 mg nicotine) for 10 days. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group continued smoking their usual brand while the other group switched to the low yielding cigarette. Subjective ratings and physiological measures were taken at baseline, then after 1, 3 and 10 days in the respective conditions. Plasma nicotine concentrations dropped by some 60% after switching. Although substantial, this drop was considerably less than the drop in nominal yield of the cigarettes (around 90%), indicating marked compensation on the part of these smokers. Switching to the low yielding cigarette was accompanied by a significant increase in hunger and a drop in heart rate. These effects typically occur following cigarette withdrawal. However, other common cigarette withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability, depression, and inability to concentrate, were not detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432039
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