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  • 1
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In our society every second polytraumatized patient is a chronic alcoholic. A patient's alcohol-related history is often unavailable and laboratory markers are not sensitive or specific enough to detect alcohol-dependent patients who are at risk of developing alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) during their post-traumatic intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Previously, it has been found that plasma levels of norharman are elevated in chronic alcoholics. We investigated whether β-carbolines, i.e. harman and norharman levels, could identify chronic alcoholics following trauma and whether possible changes during ICU stay could serve as a predictor of deterioration of clinical status. Sixty polytraumatized patients were transferred to the ICU following admission to the emergency room and subsequent surgery. Chronic alcoholics were included only if they met the DSM-III-R and ICD-10 criteria for alcohol dependence or chronic alcohol abuse/harmful use and their daily ethanol intake was ≥ 60 g. Harman and norharman levels were assayed on admission and on days 2, 4, 7 and 14 in the ICU. Harman and norharman levels were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Elevated norharman levels were found in chronic alcoholics (n = 35) on admission to the hospital and remained significantly elevated during their ICU stay. The area under the curves (AUC) showed that norharman was comparable to carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) and superior to conventional laboratory markers in detecting chronic alcoholics. Seventeen chronic alcoholics developed AWS; 16 of these patients experienced hallucinations or delirium. Norharman levels were significantly increased on days 2 and 4 in the ICU in patients who developed AWS compared with those who did not. An increase in norharman levels preceded hallucinations or delirium with a median period of approximately 3 days. The findings that elevated norharman levels are found in chronic alcoholics, that the AUC was in the range of CDT on admission and that norharman levels remained elevated during the ICU stay, support the view that norharman is a specific marker for alcoholism in traumatized patients. Since norharman levels increased prior to the onset of hallucinations and delirium it seems reasonable to investigate further the potential role of norharman as a possible substance which triggers AWS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Allgemeinnarkose ; Allergie ; Pseudoallergien ; Muskelrelaxanzien ; Hauttestung ; Key words Anaesthesia ; Type I allergic reaction ; Pseudoallergic reaction ; Neuromuscular blocking drugs ; Skin testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Nearly all drugs currently used during the course of general anaesthesia may lead to hypersensitivity reactions of various types. There may be an acute type I allergic reactions or to a more or less severe pseudoallergic reactions, in rare cases with lethal outcome. Routine preoperative testing appears of little predictive value, in spite of the high frequency of so-called risk factors (atopy, other kind of allergy) among the evaluated group of patients. Careful allergological testing should be performed 4 to 6 weeks after any incidents of suspected drug intolerance, in order to discover the underlying causative agent. Skin testing is of diagnostic value for neuromuscular blockers and intravenous narcotics. RAST- and RIA-tests and/or mediator releasing tests may also used additionally. Together with all other administered drugs, all the routinely used neuromuscular blockers (suxamethonium, vecuronium, pancuronium, alcuronium, atracurium, mivacurium) should be tested, since they often represent the cause for such reactions. For other classes of drugs (for example, volatile anesthetics and opioids) the clinical relevance of skin testing still remains uncertain. For less severe incidents seen during general anaesthesia such as pruritus, or exanthems, skin testing seems to be less relevant.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nahezu alle im Rahmen einer Anästhesie eingesetzten Medikamente können Überempfindlichkeitsreaktionen auslösen, die einer akuten Typ-I-Allergie bzw. einer mehr oder minder schweren Intoleranzreaktion entsprechen können, in seltenen Fällen mit letalem Ausgang. Ein präoperatives „screening” hat trotz der erhöhten Häufigkeit der möglichen Risikofaktoren (Atopie, Allergien anderer Art etc.) im Kollektiv der Kranken mit Überempfindlichkeitsreaktionen auf Narkosemittel einen geringen prädiktiven Aussagewert. Eine sorgfältige allergologische Diagnostik ist 4–6 Wochen nach einem Narkosezwischenfall mit Verdacht auf Überempfindlichkeitsreaktionen auf Medikamente notwendig. In erster Linie kommen die Hautteste für die Muskelrelaxanzien und Injektionsnarkotika in Frage, weniger für die volatilen Narkotika und die Opioide. Die Diagnose kann je nach Verfügbarkeit durch RAST- bzw. RIA-Teste bzw. durch Testversuche, die die Freisetzung von Mediatoren erfassen, erweitert werden. Neben den im konkreten Fall applizierten Präparaten sollten auch alle bekannten Muskelrelaxanzien (Suxamethonium, Vecuronium, Pancuronium, Alcuronium, Atracurium, Mivacurium) getestet werden, die oft Ursache derartiger Reaktionen sind. Unsicher erscheint die Relevanz der Hautteste im Hinblick auf einige Substanzklassen, z.B. Inhalationsnarkotika und Opioide. Für leichtere, nicht lebensbedrohliche Zwischenfälle, die mit Pruritus und Arzneimittelexanthemen einhergehen, erscheint die Hauttestung nicht immer aussagefähig.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Dobutamine Indirect calorimetry Oxygen consumption Oxygen delivery Sepsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Objective: Oxygen consumption (VO2) obtained from respiratory gases by indirect calorimetry (VO2,IC) with a metabolic monitor integrated in a ventilator were to be compared to VO2 obtained by the Fick principle (VO2,Fick ) in septic patients following an increase in oxygen delivery (DO2) induced by positive inotropic support. Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: University Hospital, Surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Patients: Thirty patients suffering from sepsis. Interventions: DO2 was increased by dobutamine infusion, starting with an initial dosage of 5 µg·kg·min, increased to a maximum of 10 µg·kg·min. Measurements and main results: Dobutamine infusion induced a dosage-related increase in DO2 (from 577±192 to 752±202 ml·min·m2, p〈0.01), which was associated with a statistically significant increase in VO2,IC (from 173±30 to 188±28 ml·min·m2, p〈0.01) and in VO2,Fick (from 140±25 to 156±24 ml·min·m2, p〈0.01). The comparison between VO2,IC and VO2,Fick revealed differences (bias and precision – 33±32 ml·min·m2). Conclusions: With a metabolic monitor integrated in a ventilator it was possible to carry out continuous monitoring of calorimetric data under clinical conditions. In contrast to previous studies using indirect calorimetry, this study showed a moderate correlation between VO2 and DO2 in septic patients using either method. The clinical relevance of this finding requires further investigation. Different factors (e. g. injectant temperature, pulmonary VO2) produced substantial differences between VO2,IC and VO2,Fick as previously shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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