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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid in victims of sudden infant death correlates with hypoxanthine in vitreous humour (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 152 (1993), S. 935-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Beta-endorphin ; Hypoxanthine ; Hypoxia ; SID
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Beta-endorphin (BEND) may induce respiratory depression. Elevated levels of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity (BENDI) in the CSF are found in children with apnoea and in about 50% of sudden infant death (SID) victims. Premortal hypoxia in SID victims has been indicated by elevated hypoxanthine (HX) levels in the vitreous humour (VH). In this study we correlated BENDI in CSF with HX in VH in SID victims (n=19) and controls (n=18). BEND in CSF was measured by RIA, and HPLC was used for identification of BENDI. HX in VH was measured by HPLC. All the SID victims had elevated levels of HX in VH. The BENDI in CSF divided the SID victims into two subpopulations (P〈0.01); one with undetectable levels (〈4.3 fmol/ml) (n=10) and one with high levels (160–400 fmol/ml) (n=9).In the SID subpopulation with high levels of BENDI in CSF,we found a correlation between BENDI in CSF and HX in VH (r=0.92). Control infants who died a stressful death, such as during heart operations (n=2), had high levels of BENDI in CSF and low levels of HX in VH. Controls who died of infections (n=11) had low levels of BENDI in CSF and elevated levels of HX in VH. Because hypoxia in itself does not increase BENDI in CSF, increased BENDI in CSF is probably not secondary to hypoxia but may be of aetiological significance. We therefore suggest that SID victims with high levels of BENDI in CSF, which correlate with the elevated levels of HX in VH, may die from premortal hypoxia possibly induced by BEND.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957536
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is partial deletion of the complement C4 genes associated with sudden infant death? (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words: Sudden infant death C4 deficiency – Infections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The two C4 loci C4A and C4B in 61 cases of sudden infant death (SID), 93 living controls and 7 cases of infectious death were studied. In the SID group 13.1% showed deletion of the C4A gene, while 2.5% of the cases showed deletion of the C4B gene. This was not significantly different from neither the controls nor the infectious death group. We were not able to confirm that deletion of the C4B gene is associated with SID. However, in the SID group deletion of either the C4A or the C4B gene was associated with signs of infections prior to death (P=0.035). This observation may indicate that a proportion of SID victims are more vulnerable to infections than other infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954522
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Practical aspects of resuscitating asphyxiated newborn infants (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 157 (1997), S. S11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Newborn resuscitation ; Room air ventilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Of all newborn infants, 5% require some degree of basic life support at birth. Newborn resuscitation therefore is one of the most frequent procedures carried out in medicine. It is therefore important that the routines in use are evidence based. Newborn resuscitation can be divided into ten steps: (1) initial stabilisation; (2) evaluation; (3) ventilation; (4) oxygen supplementation; (5) external heart massage; (6) medication; (7) response assessment; (8) withdrawal; (9) post resuscitation care; and (10) documentation. The procedures used in these steps are rarely based on scientific investigation and there is a need for more research in this field. Training programmes, identification of risk cases and preparation for resuscitation should be part of the routine in all delivery units. It is underlined that the need for oxygen, external heart massage or medication is rare. Most depressed newborn infants manage well with suctioning, gentle tactile stimulation or a few ventilations with a bag and mask.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014284
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is partial deletion of the complement C4 genes associated with sudden infant death? (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Sudden infant death ; C4 deficiency ; Infections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The two C4 loci C4A and C4B in 61 cases of sudden infant death (SID), 93 living controls and 7 cases of infectious death were studied. In the SID group 13.1% showed deletion of the C4A gene, while 2.5% of the cases showed deletion of the C4B gene. This was not significantly different from neither the controls nor the infectious death group. We were not able to confirm that deletion of the C4B gene is associated with SID. However, in the SID group deletion of either the C4A or the C4B gene was associated with signs of infections prior to death (P=0.035). This observation may indicate that a proportion of SID victims are more vulnerable to infections than other infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954522
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in spinal fluid and hypoxanthine in vitreous humour related to brain stem gliosis in sudden infant death victims (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 675-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words     Beta-endorphin ; Brain stem gliosis ; Corpus vitreous ; humour ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Sudden infant death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract      Beta-endorphin may induce respiratory depression and bradycardia. Elevated levels of hypoxanthine (HX) in vitreous humour (VH) may possibly indicate hypoxia before death. Furthermore, gliosis in the brain stem may reflect a previous hypoxic/ischaemic injury in the brain. In the present study we relate beta-endorphin immunoreactivity (BENDI) in the CSF to the presence or absence of reactive astrocytosis in the nucleus olivae inferior (NOI). The relationship between the HX concentration in VH and the number of reactive astrocytes in sudden infant death (SID) cases (n = 17) and controls (n = 23) was also studied. The number of reactive astrocytes was examined in the NOI by immunohistochemical demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The BENDI in CSF and the number of reactive astrocytes in the NOI divided the SID victims into two subpopulations (P 〈 0.01). One had a median of 〈 4 fmol/ml BENDI in CSF (range 〈 4) and 2 reactive astrocytes (range 0–15), and was similar to the controls that died from infections. The other subpopulation had a median of 260 fmol/ml BENDI in CSF (range 160–400) and 13 reactive astrocytes (range 7–33), similar to the control infants with previous hypoxia. In this latter SID subpopulation the number of reactive astrocytes correlated positively with BENDI in CSF (r = 0.7, P 〈 0.05). All the SID victims had elevated levels of HX in VH. In the SID subpopulation with high level of BENDI in CSF and increased number of activated astrocytes, the correlation factor between HX in VH and activated astrocytes was r = 0.7 (P 〈 0.05). Conclusion     When investigating reactive astrocytes and BENDI in CSF in SID victims, 50% of the SID victims were similar to the controls with previous hypoxia and the other 50% similar to the controls who died from infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190691
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase G985 mutation involved in sudden infant death in Norway? (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 166-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01991929
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ascorbic acid enhances hydroxyl radical formation in iron-fortified infant cereals and infant formulas (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 488-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Free radicals  ;  Infant nutrients  ;  Human milk  ;  Iron fortification  ;  Ascorbic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infant cereals and formulas are usually fortified with iron to prevent iron deficiency. To enhance iron bioavailability, supplemental ascorbic acid is recommended. Ascorbic acid is considered to be an antioxidant in vivo, but has pro-oxidant effects when exposed to non-protein-bound iron. We measured formation of free radicals in cereals and infant formulas after addition of ascorbic acid. The production of hydroxyl radicals was assessed by hydroxylation of salicylic acid to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA). Production of 2,5-DHBA increased with increasing ascorbic acid doses added. Addition of 0.8 mM ascorbic acid to breast milk produced less radicals (0.03 ± 0.05 μM) than addition of ascorbic acid to low-iron formula (0.13 ± 0.08 μM, P = 0.019), medium-iron formula (0.34 ± 0.12 μM, P 〈 0.0001) or high-iron formula (0.44 ± 0.08 μM, P 〈 0.0001). Even when iron content in breast milk was adjusted to a level comparable with that of formulas, production of 2,5-DHBA was lower. Breast milk seems to contain substances that reduce hydroxyl radical formation. Conclusion Supplemental ascorbic acid causes hydro-xyl radical formation in iron-fortified infant nutrients in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050645
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the concentration and distribution of immunoglobulin-producing cells in SIDS palatine tonsils (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Pediatric allergy and immunology 6 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3038
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Seventeen sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases and 9 controls, were examined immunohistochemically with regard to the presence of IgA-, IgM-, IgD, and IgG, as well as for thesubtypes IgG1, IgG2-, IgG3-, and IgG4-immunocytes. Differences in compartmentalization were also investigated. Differences were demonstrated between SIDS and controls in total number of IgG cells per 0.1 mm2 tissue area (median: 18.3, range: 12.3-30.2 versus median: 6.3, range: 2.0-14.6) (p〈0.01), and for IgA immunocytes (median: 3.9, range: 2.4-5.0 versus median: 1.5, range: 1.1-3.7) (p〈0.05), while no differences were demonstrated for IgM cells (median: 1.8, range: 1.2-3.3 versus median: 1.8, range: 0.7-5.6) or IgD cells (median: 1.9, range: 0.8-2.9 versus median: 1.6, range: 0.7-2.4). Differences were demonstrated between SIDS and control IgG plasma cells in all the four palatine tonsillar compartments; germinal centre (p〈0.01), mantle zone (p〈0.05), interfollicular area (p〈0.01) and reticular epithelium (p〈0.01). Furthermore, the number of IgA cells was higher in SIDS vs. controls in both the germinal centre (median: 1.4, range: 0.6-2.1 versus median: 0.6, range: 0.3-1.3) (p〈0.05) and in the interfollicular area (median: 2.2, range: 1.1-3.1 versus median: 0.5, range: 0.4-2.0) (p〈0.01). For IgM immunocytes, differences were demonstrated in the germinal centre (median: 1.0, range: 0.4-1.6 versus median: 0.4, range: 0.3-1.3) (p〈0.01) as well as in the germinal centre (median: 0.6, range: 0.5-0.8 versus median: 0.4, range: 0.3-0.7) (p〈0.01) and in the interfollicular area (median: 1.2, range: 0.8-1.6 versus median: 0.5, range: 0.5-0.7) (p〈0.01) in the IgD immunocyte group. The total number of IgG1- and IgG3-immunocytes were increased in SIDS (median 15.6, range: 5.3-58.9 versus median: 2.5, range: 1.5-8.4) (p〈0.01) and (median: 3.6, range: 0.4-8.6 versus median: 1.1, range: 0.4-1.3) (p〈0.01) respectively. Furthermore, significantly increased numbers of these two subclasses, were seen in all the four compartments in the SIDS cases. The palatine tonsillar immune system is stimulated in SIDS. Furthermore, the changes being predominantly in the germinal centres and interfollicular areas, are indicating a recent stimulation, and the IgG-subgroup response pattern makes a viral protein antigen the most likely stimulant.;
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.1995.tb00258.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrigendum (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 61 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01622.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Harderian Gland in Piglets (2005)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag GmbH
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 34 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the suitability of functional and morphological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the extent of brain injury in a hypoxia-ischemia piglet model and further to validate that the ischemic injury was successfully induced. MR imaging was performed at 1.5 T (Siemens Vision, Siemens Medical, Erlangen, Germany) in piglets (n = 10; age 12–36 h) under general anaesthesia. Hypoxia was induced by ventilation of a gas mixture containing 8% O2 in N2 (AGA, Oslo, Norway). Ischemia was induced by bilateral clamping of the common carotid arteries (CCA). HI was maintained for 30 min, followed by re-oxygenation with ambient air (21% O2) for 2.5 h. Relative cerebral flow (rCF) was estimated using a single shot SE-EPI sequence (TE = 85 ms, voxel size 1 × 1 × 5 mm3), measuring the first-pass response following bolus injection of an intravascular iron oxide nanoparticulate contrast agent (NC100150 Injection; Amersham Health, Oslo, Norway) at a dose of 4.5 mg Fe/kg. rBF maps were generated on a pixel-by-pixel basis from the peak height of a gamma-variate function fitted to the first-pass contrast agent response. The presence of total carotid occlusion was assessed by MR angiography (MRA). MRA images (3D-GRE, TR/TE 4.4 ms/1.8 ms, voxel size 0.9 × 0.9 × 1.5 mm3) were acquired after contrast administration; utilizing the T1-effect of NC100150 injection. Mean blood pressure and heart rate were measured continuously during the experiment via a catheter placed in the femoral artery. Blood gasses and rectal temperature were measured at regular intervals. At the end of the experiment, the piglets were given an overdose of 150 mg/kg Pentobarbital i.v., and a dissection was performed in order to identify structures identified on the MRI. MR angio (MRA) and volume rendering identified a prominent, highly vascularized, defined structure close to the eyeball, medioventrally. At dissection, when comparing with the MR images, the deep gland of the third eyelid, the Harderian gland, corresponded to this structure both by topography and size. It was thick, brownish and finely lobulated, and extended from the cartilage of the third eyelid towards the origin of the extrinsic eye muscles at the apex of the orbit. In contrast, the lacrimal gland presented as a small, soft and pale structure that was difficult to distinguish from the surrounding connective tissue. At histological examination, the Harderian gland consisted mostly of compact areas of alveolar glands with abundant eosinophilic granules. Wide thin-walled vessels were conspicuous in the interlobular connective tissue and the capsule. The present MRI demonstration of the Harderian gland was an accidental finding during an investigation to assess the extent of brain injury in a hypoxia-ischemia piglet model. In pig, this gland has received little attention in the literature. However, taking its size and blood supply into consideration, it must be of significant importance also in the pig. It is mostly studied in rodents and lower vertebrates and is found to possess various endocrine functions as well as exocrine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_81.x
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