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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Asphyxia ; Circulatory arrest ; Tegmental necrosis ; Spinal cord ; Perinatal period
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study reports subcortical lesions in 7 newborn babies after transient circulatory arrest and/or asphyxia. Basal ganglia, diencephalon, tegmentum of the brain stem and spinal grey matter exhibited extensive necroses in a columnar pattern. The lesions of the telencephalic and cerebellar cortex are less prominent. The spinal cord, available in 3 children, revealed subtotal neuronal loss in all segments. The lesions represent the extreme anoxic damage of the CNS in the perinatal period, comparable with brain death in the adulthood. Moreover, the pattern with predominating subcortical lesions indicates that anoxia affects the grey matter in all levels of the CNS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Surfactant ; Idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome ; Clinical trial ; Randomization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed a multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy and safety of the surfactant preparation, Survanta (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, USA), for 750–1750 g infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, (IRDS) receiving assisted ventilation with 40% or more oxygen. One hundred and six eligible infants from the eight participating centers were randomly assigned between March 1986 and June 1987 to receive either surfactant (100 mg phospholipid/kg, 4 ml/kg) or air (4 ml/kg) administered into the trachea within 8 h of brith (median time of treatment 6.2 h, range 3.2–9.1 h). The study was stopped before enrollment was completed at the request of the United States Food and Drug Administration when significant differences were observed in incidence of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIH), between the surfactant treated and control infants. Surfactant treated infants had larger average increases in the arterial-alveolar oxygen ratio, (a/A ratio) (P〈0.0001), and larger average decreases in FiO2 (P〈0.0001) and mean airway pressure, (MAP) (P〈0.017) than controls over the 48 h following treatment. The magnitude of the differences between the surfactant and control groups were 0.19 (SE=0.03) for a/A ratio, −0.28 (SE=0.04) for FiO2 and −1.7 cm H2O (SE=0.70) for MAP. The clinical status on days 7 and 28 after treatment was classified using four predefined ordered categories: (1) no respiratory support; (2) supplemental O2 with or without continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP); (3) intermittent mandatory ventilation; and (4) death. There were no statistically significant differences in the status categories on days 7 or 28 between surfactant and control infants. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing entero-colitis, air leaks or death. There was a statistically significant difference between treated and control infants in the frequency and severity of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIH) (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszelχ 2adj=6.36,P=0.01). Hemorrhages occurred in 59.6% of surfactant treated infants and 26.9% of controls. Severe hemorrhages (grades 3 or 4) occurred in 38.5% of surfactant treated infants and 15.4% of controls (χ 2adj=4.01,P=0.045). We conclude that the intratracheal administration of Survanta prior to 8 h of age to infants with IRDS receiving assisted ventilation with 40% or more oxygen results in a reduction in the severity of respiratory distress during the 48 h after therapy. Because of the difference in incidence of PIH between surfactant and control infants in this study, we recommend that future clinical trials of surfactant include more frequent prospective serial ultrasound evaluations for diagnosis of hemorrhage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Psychophysiology 11 (1991), S. 73 
    ISSN: 0167-8760
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Psychophysiology 11 (1991), S. 74 
    ISSN: 0167-8760
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Psychophysiology 11 (1991), S. 71 
    ISSN: 0167-8760
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Neuroglial development ; Fatty metamorphosis ; Myelin formation ; Perinatal period ; Minimal brain damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gliazellverfettung im unreifen Großhirn-Marklager wurde bei 12 Kindern ultrastrukturell untersucht (Gestationsalter 22–40 Wochen; Überlebenszeit 0–96 Tage). Die „fettige Metamorphose” der Neuroglia (Virchow) fand sich in allen Fällen, ausgenommen den 22 Wochen alten Feten, und betrifft vorwiegend junge Astrozyten (68,8%), ferner zu 43,5% unreife Vorstufen, jedoch nur zu 7.4% die (z.Z. der Geburt erst in Erscheinung tretende) Oligodendroglia. Die Fett-Metamorphose der unreifen Glia stellt einen sensiblen Indikator für metabolisch-zirkulatorische Störungen der Perinatalperiode dar und erfolgt unabhängig von dem Prozeß der Markscheidenbildung. Zusammen mit einer oft auffälligen Astroglia-Proliferation ist die intracytoplasmatische Akkumulation nicht membrangebundener Lipide Ausdruck einer temporären Differenzierungsstörung der unreifen Neuroglia. Die resultierende Reifungsdissoziation mit Unterdrückung der oligodendrozytären Zellinie führt zur retardierten Markscheidenbildung und dem Bild der telencephalen Leucoencephalopathie.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of neuroglial fatty metamorphosis (GFM) has been investigated in the telencephalic white matter of 12 premature and mature infants (gestational age 22–40 weeks; survival 0–96 days). GFM was found in all cases apart from a 22-week-old fetus, and involves predominantly astrocytic cells (68.8%), then glioblasts (43.5%), but only 7.4% of oligodendrocytes. GFM, therefore, seems to be independent of the myelination process and indicates the vulnerability of the immature neuroglial population in the metabolic and circulatory disorders of the perinatal period. Since GFM is found in almost all children dying within the early postnatal period, this subtle alteration reflects a special form of minimal brain damage. The relationship between GFM, astrocytic hypertrophy and periventricular leucomalacia and their role in the telencephalic leucoencephalopathy are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In applying a Thorax phantom which had been produced in the Volume-Complementary method and which consisted of an expanded lung in a Plexiglas box, lung skiagraphs were made by simultaneously projecting silicotic material from the lungs of silicotics into the pulmonary picture. Different distances of the silicotic callosity and nodules from the X-ray film had no influence on the identification of the focus; as contrast decreases that which is gained in magnification is lost because of geometrical lack of definition. It was not difficult to identify callosity of more than 4 mm Ø in all parts of the lung, those of 3–4 mm Ø could only be identified with difficulty in the marginal regions of the lung, whereas nodules of less than 2–2.5 mm Ø became roentgenologically invisible in the pulmonary tissue. With regard to the practical conditions under which routine skiagraphs are made one cannot, therefore, expect to identify the individual nodules which are less than 3–4 mm Ø. Shaded areas of this size represent superpositions of nudal points (contact points), each of them representing several nodules. Nodules of 0.5 mm Ø could be easily identified using contact skiagraphs without the lung being exposed to the path of X-rays. Nodules of 1 mm Ø could be recognized with the Positive-Negative-Substraction method. This method, however, cannot be used with patients; further identity of the skiagraphs necessary for substraction cannot be guaranteed. Because of absorption and especially the heterogenous substratum of the lung it is impossible to recognize small details which had been magnified 3–6 times. Roentgenologically there is no difference between silicotic nodules and equally large tendon pieces. In the case of whole nodules therefore only the thickening of the tissue could be identified. Only microradiographic skiagraphs of 0.2–0.4 mm disks of silicotic nodules show diverse blackening within a nodule which in light-microscopic studies corresponds with dust deposition.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit dem Volumenkomplementverfahren wurde ein Thoraxphantom hergestellt, bestehend aus einer expandierten, in Ruhelage freihängenden gesunden Lunge, einem als Thoraxwand dienenden Plexiglasgehäuse mit einer Wandstärke von 0,6 cm und einem „Pleuraraum“ mit Unterdruck. Die Störfaktoren Rippen und Bewegungsunschärfe wurden dadurch ausgeschaltet. Dieses Phantom wurde für Lungenaufnahmen verwendet, indem silikotisches Material aus Porzellinerlungen mit in das Lungenbild projiziert wurde. — Durch Versuche wurde festgestellt, daß ein unterschiedlicher Abstand der Schwielen und Knötchen vom Röntgenfilm (vor, in oder hinter der Lunge) keinen Einfluß auf die Herderkennbarkeit hat. Was einerseits an Vergrößerung gewonnen wird, geht andererseits als Kontrastverminderung durch geometrische Unschärfe wieder verloren. Hinsichtlich der Darstellbarkeit isolierter Knötchen und Schwielen ergab sich überzeugend, daß sich große Schwielen (mehr als 4 mm Ø) in allen Lungenpartien gut und ihrer Form und Größe entsprechend, kleine Knötchen (3–4 mm Durchmesser) nur in den Lungenrandgebieten und dann nur schwer darstellen lassen, während Knötchen unter 2–2,5 mm Ø röntgenologisch im Lungengewebe untergehen. — Unter Berücksichtigung der praktischen Gegebenheiten bei routinemäßigen Röntgenaufnahmen kann deshalb nicht erwartet werden, daß sich Einzelknötchen unter 3–4 mm darstellen. Sind trotzdem Verschattungen mit diesem Herddurchmesser zu sehen, dann handelt es sich um Überlagerungen der Knotenpunkte (Kontaktpunkte) mehrerer Knötchen. Bei Kontaktaufnahmen von Knötchen ohne Einschaltung der Lunge in den Strahlengang kamen auch Knötchen von 0,5 mm Ø noch gut zur Darstellung. Bei der Positiv-Negativ-Substraktionsmethode konnten auch 1 mm große Knötchen in der Lunge noch erkannt werden. Dieses Verfahren ist aber am Lebenden praktisch nicht anwendbar, da die absolute Identität der zur Substraktion notwendigen Aufnahmen vor und nach der Entstehung der silikotischen Knötchen nie gewährleistet werden kann. Die Lungenstruktur verschlechtert also durch die Absorption, ganz besonders aber durch den sehr heterogenen Untergrund die Erkennbarkeit kleiner Details um mindestens ein 3–6 faches. Röntgenologisch bestand kein Unterschied bei Phantomaufnahmen von Silikoseknötchen gleicher Größe hinsichtlich ihrer Herkunft aus verschiedenen Lungenpartien oder aus verschiedenen Porzellinerlungen. Ein Vergleich zwischen dem Röntgenbild von Silikoseknötchen mit gleich großen Sehnenstückchen zeigt keinen Unterschied in der Schwärzung und dem Kontrast. Bei ganzen Knötchen kommt also nur die Gewebsverdichtung zur Darstellung. Erst bei mikroradiographischen Aufnahmen von 0,2–0,4 mm dicken Scheiben aus silikotischen Knötchen zeigt sich eine unterschiedliche Schwärzung innerhalb eines Knötchens, die im lichtmikroskopischen Vergleich den Massierungen der Staubablagerung entspricht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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