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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: 16S ribosomal RNA ; 32 P-labelling in vitro ; Oligonucleotide fingerprints ; Alkali cleavage ; Phylogeny ; Actinomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and simple method of oligonucleotide cataloging for phylogenetic studies is presented. It involves in vitro 5′-32P-labelling of RNase T1 - resistant oligonucleotides of ribosomal 16S RNA and fingerprinting by high voltage electrophoresis and gradient thinlayer chromatography. Oligonucleotide sequences are established by the mobility shift method, using controlled alkali cleavage, high voltage electrophoresis and homochromatography. These procedures facilitate in particular the analysis of long RNase T1 - resistant oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotide catalogs are established for three Actinomycetes, namelyOerskovia turbata, Actinoplanes philippinensis andAmpullariella regularis. These catalogs are equivalent to those obtained by methods which were described by Sanger and Woese.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Catalases ; Immunological relationships ; Micrococci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Double immunodiffusion tests were performed with crude extracts from various Micrococcus species and antisera against catalase of Micrococcus luteus CCM 169. Cell-free extracts of M. lylae ATCC 27566 exhibited good cross-reaction. Cell-free extracts or catalase enriched preparations of M. varians reacted very weakly and no reaction has been found with preparations of M. kristinae, M. nishinomiyaensis, M. roseus and M. sedentarius. The quantitative microcomplement fixation assay also revealed a closer relationship between M. luteus and M. lylae than between M. luteus and M. varians. Strains of other Micrococcus species reacted in the microcomplement assay with M. luteus antiserum just as weakly as non-related strains, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus or Cellulomonas cartalyticum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 127 (1980), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Oerskovia ; Cellulomonas ; Brevibacterium fermentans ; Nocardia cellulans ; Corynebacterium manihot ; DNA-DNA reassociation studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A close genetic relationship among strains of Oerskovia turbata, O. xanthineolytica and various coryneforms is indicated by DNA-DNA reassociation studies. O. xanthineolytica shares high homology values (over 60%) with Cellulomonas cartae, Nocardia cellulans, Brevibacterium fermentans and Corynebacterium manihot. O. turbata and other cellulomonads show lower DNA homology values (20–25%) which are still high enough, however, to indicate a relationship at the genus level. Based on these data and supported by comparative analysis of the ribosomal 16 S RNA and the similarity of peptidoglycan types, the transfer of Oerskovia species into the genus Cellulomonas is justified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Threo-β-hydroxyornithine ; Peptidoglycan structure ; Coryneform bacterium ; Aureobacterium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Peptidoglycan of Corynebacterium species Co 112 (DSM 20606) exhibits an unknown amino acid. The amino acid was isolated from cell wall hydrolysates and identified as threo-β-hydroxyornithine. This amino acid is found in the interpeptide bridge of the peptidoglycan of Corynebacterium sp. Co 112. The primary structure of this peptidoglycan is rather similar to that of Microbacterium liquefaciens. The only difference is the replacement of ornithine by threo-β-hydroxyornithine. The mode of linkage of threo-β-hydroxyornithine indicates that it is present as d-isomer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Halococcus ; Sulfated Polysaccharide ; Bacterial Cell Wall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The qualitative and quantitative composition of purified cell walls of Halococcus morrhuae CCM 859 was determined. Glucose, mannose, galactose; glucuronic and galacturonic acids; glucosamine, galactosamine, gulosaminuronic acid; acetate, glycine and sulfate are found as major constituents. The amino sugars are N-acetylated. It was not possible to fractionate the cell wall in chemically different polymers. Evidence is presented that the major cell wall polymer of this strain is a complex heteroglycan which seems, like the peptidoglycan of most bacteria, to be responsible for the rigidity and stability of the cell wall. In addition it could be proved that this heteroglycan is sulfated and therefore differs considerably from previously described bacterial cell wall polymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Staphylococcus epidermidis ; FDP-activated l-lactate dehydrogenase ; Unusual kinetic behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract l-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990 was purified by affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme was specifically activated by fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP). The concentration of FDP required for 50% maximal activity was about 0.15 mM. The enzyme activity was inhibited by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and oxamate. The inhibition by ADP appeared to be competitive with respect to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The catalytic activity of the LDH for pyruvate reduction exhibited an optimum at pH 5.6. The enzyme is composed of four, probably identical, subunits. Sephadex gel filtration and sedimentation velocity at pH 5.6 yielded molecular weights of about 130000 and 126000 respectively. The molecular weight at pH 6.5 and 7.0 was found to be only about 68000. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate and sedimentation velocity at pH 2.0 or 8.5 revealed monomeric subunits with an approximate molecular weight of 36000. The thermostability of the heat labile enzyme was increased in the presence of FDP, NADH and pyruvate. The purified LDH exhibited an anomalous type of kinetic behavior. Plots of initial velocity vs. different concentrations of pyruvate, NADH or FDP led to saturation curves with intermediary plateau regions. As a consequence of these plateau regions the Hill coefficient alternated between lower and higher n-values. Some distinguishing properties of the S. epidermidis LDH and other LDHs activated by FDP are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic bacteria ; Biomineralization ; Magnetite ; 16S rRNA ; In situ hybridization ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Natural enrichments of magnetic bacteria from the Itaipu lagoon near Rio de Janeiro were dominated by coccoid-to-ovoid morphotypes that produced unusually large magnetosomes. To determine the phylogenetic position of these unusual microorganisms, 16S rRNA genes were retrieved from bacteria magnetically separated from sediment of the Itaipu lagoon by in vitro amplification and cloning of PCR products into a plasmid vector. Partial sequencing of the obtained clones revealed two clusters of closely related sequences affiliated to a distinct lineage consisting exclusively of magnetic bacteria within the α-subclass of Proteobacteria. For a detailed phylogenetic analysis, several almost complete sequences of the 16S rRNA genes were determined. One representative clone of each cluster provided a PCR template for the in vitro transcription of group-specific polynucleotide probes complementary to a variable region of the 16S rRNA molecule. At least three different morphotypes of magnetic bacteria were reliably identified by post-embedding hybridization of ultra-thin sections. Electron microscopic analyses of hybridized cells enabled for the first time a detailed description of the morphological variety and ultrastructure of phylogenetically identified, uncultured magnetic bacteria. Two distinct coccoid bacteria were identified by the transcript probe complementary to the 16S rRNA sequence mabrj12, whereas the probe complementary to the sequence mabrj58 allowed the identification of an ovoid morphotype that displayed magnetosomes with the largest volumes observed to date.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 57 (1967), S. 365-381 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zellwände von Str. lactis 211b und 212b und Str. cremoris 71, 316a und 331a wiesen keine Teichon- und Teichuronsäure auf, enthalten aber Polysaccharid und Murein. Das Polysaccharid besteht wie bei Str. thermophilus aus Rhamnose, Glucose, Glucosamin und Galaktose. Das Murein von Str. lactis 211b, 212b und Str. cremoris 71 enthält MurNAc: GlcNAc: Glu: Lys: Asp: Ala annähernd im Verhältnis 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 2. L-Alanin und D-Alanin treten hierbei in äquimolaren Mengen auf. Außerdem wurden pro Mol Glutaminsäure 2 Mole NH3 gefunden. Dies zeigt an, daß sowohl die Glutaminsäure als auch die Asparaginsäure als Amide vorliegen. Im Hydrolysat der dinitrophenylierten Zellwände wurden DNP-Asparaginsäure und ε-DNP-Lysin gefunden. Die Hydrolyse der Zellwände lieferte neben den Aminozuckern und Aminosäuren noch ε-(Aminosuccinyl)-lysin. Das Auftreten dieser Verbindung spricht dafür, daß die ε-Aminogruppe des Lysins mit Asparaginsäure substituiert ist. Das Murein von Str. cremoris 316 a und 331a enthält als zusätzliche Aminosäure Threonin anstelle von Asparaginsäure und außerdem ein Mol L-Alanin mehr als das Murein der oben genannten Organismen. MurNAc, GlcNAc, Glu, Lys, Thr, Ala treten annähernd im Verhältnis 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 3 auf. Das L-Alanin/D-Alanin-Verhältnis ist 2:1. Außerdem wurde pro Mol Glutaminsäure 1 Mol NH3 gefunden. Dies zeigt an, daß die Glutaminsäure als Amid vorliegt. Die Dinitrophenylierung der Zellwände ergab nach der Hydrolyse geringe Mengen an DNP-L-Alanin und ε-DNP-Lysin. Durch Hydrazinolyse wurde wie bei Zellwänden von Str. therm. Alanin freigesetzt. Die Spaltung trichloressigsäure-extrahierter Zellwände mit Lysozym lieferte komplexe Muropeptide mit dem gleichen Aminosäureverhältnis wie das Murein. Hemmung mit Vancomycin führte zur Anreicherung derselben Vorstufe wie bei Str. therm. (UDP-Muramyl-Pentapeptid). Durch Partialhydrolyse der Zellwände und anschließender Isolierung und Identifizierung der Peptide konnte die Aminosäuresequenz des Mureins aufgeklärt werden. Die Vernetzung benachbarter Peptidketten erfolgt durch das Dipeptid L-Alanyl-threonin.
    Notes: Summary Cell walls of Str. lactis 211b and 212b and Str. cremoris 71, 316a and 331a contain no teichoic acid and teichuronic acid, but polysaccharide and murein. The polysaccharide consists of rhamnose, glucose, glucosamin and galactose. The murein of Str. lactis 211b, 212b and Str. cremoris 71 contains MurNAc: GlcNAc: Glu: Lys: Asp: Ala at a molar ratio of approximately 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 2. L-alanin and D-alanin occuroat equimolar amounts. Two moles of ammonia were found per mole of glutamic acid. This indicates that glutamic acid and aspartic acid are present as amides. In the hydrolysate of the dinitrophenylated cell walls ε-DNP-aspartic acid and ε-DNP-lysine were found. Hydrolysis of the cell walls yielded ε-(aminosuccinyl)-lysine in addition to amino sugars and amino acids. The occurrence of this compound suggests that aspartic acid is bound to the ε-amino group of lysine. The murein of Str. cremoris 316a and 331a contains additionally threonine, instead of aspartic acid and moreover one mole of L-alanine more than the murein of the above mentioned organisms. MurNAc, GlcNAc, Glu, Lys, Thr, Ala occur at a ratio of approximately 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 3. The ratio L-alanine/D-alanine is 2: 1. One mole of ammonia was found per mole of glutamic acid. This indicates that glutamic acid is present as an amide. Dinitrophenylation and hydrolysis of the cell walls yielded small amounts of DNP-alanine and ε-DNP-lysine. Hydrazinolysis yielded free alanine. The splitting of trichloroacetic acid-extracted cell walls by lysozyme yielded complex muropeptides with the same amino acid ratio as the murein. Inhibition by vancomycin led to the accumulation of the same UDP-muramyl-pentapeptide as in Str. thermophilus.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 85 (1972), S. 23-38 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Stämme von nur 5 der untersuchten 31 Arten bzw. serologischen Gruppen der Gattung Streptococcus weisen Mureine auf, die l-Threonin enthalten. Alle diese Arten gehören zur serologischen Gruppe D oder sind ohne serologische Reaktion. Die Analyse der Aminosäuresequenz zeigte, daß die Peptiduntereinheiten in allen Fällen identisch waren, während die Interpeptidbrücke variierte. Sie bestand entweder aus Glycyl-l-Threonin oder aus l-Alanyl-l-Threonin. In einigen Organismen war l-Alanin teilweise durch l-Serin ersetzt. Diese Mureine enthalten 2 verschiedene Interpeptidbrücken, nämlich l-Alanyl-l-Threonin und l-Seryl-l-Threonin.
    Notes: Summary Strains from 5 species of the genus Streptococcus out of 31 were found to contain threonine in the peptidoglycan (murein). They all belong to the serological group D or were without serological reaction. The analysis of the amino acid sequence showed, that the peptide subunits were identical in all cases, while the interpeptide bridge varied. It consists either of glycyl-l-threonine or l-alanyl-l-threonine. In some organisms l-Ala was replaced in part by l-Ser. These peptidoglycans contained two different interpeptide-bridges namely l-alanyl-l-threonine and l-seryl-l-threonine.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: N-Glycyl-glucosamine ; Cell wall ; Hatococcus ; Archaebacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dinitrophenyl-derivative of N-glycylglucosamine was isolated from partially hydrolyzed dinitrophenylated cell walls of Halococcus morrhuae CCM 859. To increase the yield of amino-terminal glycine residues, halococcal cell walls were treated with alkali or acid prior to dinitrophenylation. Authentic N-glycyl-glucosamine was used as a reference substance. A substitution of the amino group of glucosamine by an amino acid has so far not been found in any other wall of a pro- or eucaryotic cell. Since only 5% of the glycine residues reveal an unsubstituted carboxyl group within intact cell walls, glycine may play a role in connecting glycan strands through peptidic linkages between the amino group of glucosamine and the carboxyl group of an uronic acid or gulosaminuronic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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