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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Closed-Loop-Systeme ; Neuronales Netzwerk ; Muskelrelaxans ; Mivacurium ; Key words Closed-Loop-control ; Neural network ; Muscle relaxants ; Mivacurium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract There are many closed-loop control systems for muscle relaxants reported, but only a few could cope with the introduction of the latest shorter acting neuromuscular blocking drugs. These new muscle relaxants such as mivacurium require a fast adapting closed-loop system for controlling an adequate infusion. Methods. After approval of the local ethics committee and having the patients’ informed consent a total number of 75 patients [ ASA I and II] were included in the study and assigned either to a training-, prediction-, prediction-/feedback- or a validationphase, as needed. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol in a TCI-mode with a plasma level of 3 to 5 µg/ml and 0.1 mg fentanyl boli as needed in all patients. In the last validation phase, having 20 patients, the prediction error and the error of the whole system was taken and analysed. Results. A closed-loop system using a neural network as a predictor could be established. In the final validation phase constisting of 20 patients the mean square prediction error was found to be 0.1%±0.2% [ mean±SD]. The mean square error of the whole system was 0.55%±0.59% [ mean±SD]. Conclusions. A closed-loop system for control of a mivacurium infusion could be established. The system proofed to be reliable for a closed-loop infusion of mivacurium in order to maintain a predefined degree of neuromuscular blockade of 95% during routine surgery. The performance of the described controller is comparable to all recent attempts and could therefore be useful for scientific studies. It should be futher validated and esthablished for other muscle relaxants, as well.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den vergangenen Jahren wurden unterschiedliche closed-loop-Systeme mit modell-prädiktivem Charakter zur Regelung von Muskelrelaxanzien beschrieben. Seit der klinischen Einführung von Mivacurium ist eine dank seiner kurzen Halbwertszeit für den Regelungsansatz sehr geeignete Substanz verfügbar, deren Dauerinfusion bisher nur von wenigen Systemen geregelt werden kann. Der Einsatz eines neuronalen Netzwerks als Prädiktor für eine solche Regelung soll in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht werden. Methodik. 75 Patienten, die sich einem abdominal chirurgischen Eingriff in Vollnarkose unterziehen mußten, wurden nach den Erfordernissen der Synthese des neuronalen Netzwerks der Trainings-, reinen Prädiktions-, der Prädiktions/Regelungs- und der Validierungsphase zugeteilt. Eine standardisierte Narkose wurde mit Propofol in einem TCI-Modus mit 3–5 µg/ml und 0,1 mg Fentanylboli aufrechterhalten. Die Regelung des Systems im Hinblick auf Prädiktions- bzw. gesamt Regelungsfehler wurde bei den 20 Patienten mit einem T1-Wert von 5% in der Validierungsphase statistisch untersucht. Ergebnisse. Es konnte eine Regelung mit einem neuronalen Netzwerk als Prädiktor zur Regelung einer Mivacuriuminfusion synthetisiert werden. Das Quadrat des gemittelten Prädiktionsfehlers über alle 20 Patienten der Validierungsphase lag bei 0,1% mit einer Standardabweichung von 0,2%. Die Abweichung der Sollgröße von der Istgröße wurde gemessen. Hier wurde der tatsächliche T1-Wert vom Ziel T1-Wert [ 5% bzw. 95%ige Blockade] berechnet. Der mittlere quadratische Fehler des gesamten Systems betrug hierbei 0,55%, die Standardabweichung 0,59%. Schlußfolgerung. Der Einsatz eines neuronalen Netzwerks erlaubt es, eine Mivacuriuminfusion exakt zu steuern und damit die neuromuskuläre Blockade über den Zeitraum einer Operation auf einem vorgegebenen Relaxationsniveau zu halten. Die Ergebnisse sind mit denen anderer Reglungsansätze vergleichbar, bei einer deutlich verbesserten Prädiktionsfunktion. Der Einsatz dieses Systems ist im Rahmen von wissenschaftlichen Studien, die eine konstante Relaxationstiefe erfordern, denkbar. Eine Ausweitung auf andere Muskelrelaxanzien wäre auch wünschenswert.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Anemia ; Preterm infants ; Serum lactate ; Cardiac output ; Oxygen saturation ; Blood transfusion ; Oxygen delivery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background Whether and when to transfuse in anemia of prematurity is highly controversial. Some authors suggest transfusions simply if the hemoglobin (Hb) level is below a defined normal range. Others propose the use of clinical or laboratory parameters in anemic patients to decide whether to transfuse or not. Hypothesis A decreasing amount of circulating Hb should cause a compensatory increase in cardiac output (CO) and an increase in arterial serum lactate. Materials and methods In 56 anemic preterm infants (not in respiratory or hemodynamic failure) we analyzed CO after the first week of life using a Doppler sonographic method. At the same time serum lactate levels. Hb levels and oxygen saturation were registered. Nineteen of these patients were given transfusion when they demonstrated clinical signs of anemia by tachycardia 〉180/min, tachypnea, retractions, apneas and centralization (group 2). The remaining 37 patients were not transfused (group 1). Serum lactate, CO, heart rate (HR), oxygen delivery, respiratory rate, capillary refill and Hb were analyzed in both groups and in group 2 before and 12–24 h after transfusion. Data between groups 1 and 2 and in group 2 before and after transfusion were compared. Results In the 56 patients studied no linear correlation between Hb and CO or between Hb and serum lactate was found. Nor could any correlation be demonstrated between the other variables studied Examining the subgroups separately a negative linear correlation was demonstrated between serum lactate and oxygen delivery in group 2. No other significant correlations were detected. However, when the pre- and post-transfusion data were compared in group 2 (increase of Hb from 9.45 (SD 3.44) to 12.5 (SD 3.8) g/100 ml), the CO decreased from 281. 3 (SD 162.6) to 224 (SD 95.7) ml/kg per min (p〈0.01) and serum lactate decreased significantly from 3.23 mmol/l (SD 2.07) before to 1.71 (SD 0.83) after transfusion. Oxygen delivery was 35.8 (±0.19) ml/kg per min group 1, 27.8 (±0.05) pre- and 43.4 (±0.07) post-transfusion in group 2 (p〈0.01). Conclusions CO measurements and serum lactate levels add little information to the decision-making process for blood transfusions, as neither CO nor serum lactate levels correlate with Hb levels in an otherwise asymptomatic population of preterm infants. In infants where the indication for blood transfusion is made based on traditionally accepted clinical criteria, serum lactate is an additional laboratory indicator of impaired oxygenation, as it correlates significantly with oxygen delivery. A significantly lower oxygen delivery in patients in whom blood transfusion is indicated and an increase in oxygen induced by transfusion demonstrate the value of these criteria in identifying preterm infants who benefit from transfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Anemia ; Preterm infants ; Serum lactate ; Cardiac output ; Oxygen saturation ; Blood transfusion ; Oxygen delivery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Whether and when to transfuse in anemia of prematurity is highly controversial. Some authors suggest transfusions simply if the hemoglobin (Hb) level is below a defined normal range. Others propose the use of clinical or laboratory parameters in anemic patients to decide whether to transfuse or not. Hypothesis: A decreasing amount of circulating Hb should cause a compensatory increase in cardiac output (CO) and an increase in arterial serum lactate. Materials and methods: In 56 anemic preterm infants (not in respiratory or hemodynamic failure) we analyzed CO after the first week of life using a Doppler sonographic method. At the same time serum lactate levels, Hb levels and oxygen saturation were registered. Nineteen of these patients were given transfusion when they demonstrated clinical signs of anemia by tachycardia 〉180/min, tachypnea, retractions, apneas and centralization (group 2). The remaining 37 patients were not transfused (group 1). Serum lactate, CO, heart rate (HR), oxygen delivery, respiratory rate, capillary refill and Hb were analyzed in both groups and in group 2 before and 12–24 h after transfusion. Data between groups  1 and 2 and in group 2 before and after transfusion were compared. Results: In the 56 patients studied no linear correlation between Hb and CO or between Hb and serum lactate was found. Nor could any correlation be demonstrated between the other variables studied. Examining the subgroups separately, a negative linear correlation was demonstrated between serum lactate and oxygen delivery in group 2. No other significant correlations were detected. However, when the pre- and post-transfusion data were compared in group 2 (increase of Hb from 9.45 (SD 3.44) to 12.5 (SD 3.8) g/100 ml), the CO decreased from 281.3 (SD 162.6) to 224 (SD 95.7) ml/kg per min (p〈0.01) and serum lactate decreased significantly from 3.23 mmol/l (SD 2.07) before to 1.71 (SD 0.83) after transfusion. Oxygen delivery was 35.8 (±0.19) ml/kg per min group 1, 27.8 (±0.05) pre- and 43.4 (±0.07) post-transfusion in group 2 (p〈0.01). Conclusions: CO measurements and serum lactate levels add little information to the decision-making process for blood transfusions, as neither CO nor serum lactate levels correlate with Hb levels in an otherwise asymptomatic population of preterm infants. In infants where the indication for blood transfusion is made based on traditionally accepted clinical criteria, serum lactate is an additional laboratory indicator of impaired oxygenation, as it correlates significantly with oxygen delivery. A significantly lower oxygen delivery in patients in whom blood transfusion is indicated and an increase in oxygen induced by transfusion demonstrate the value of these criteria in identifying preterm infants who benefit from transfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 170 (1998), S. 427-434 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Acetogenesis ; Clostridium formicoaceticum ; Aromatic aldehydes ; Methoxylated aromatic ; compounds ; O-demethylation ; Cosubstrate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When the acetogen Clostridium formicoaceticum was cultivated on mixtures of aromatic compounds (e.g., 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde plus vanillate), the oxidation of aromatic aldehyde groups occurred more rapidly than did O-demethylation. Likewise, when fructose and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde were simultaneously provided as growth substrates, fructose was utilized only after the aromatic aldehyde group was oxidized to the carboxyl level. Aromatic aldehyde oxidoreductase activity was constitutive (activities approximated 0.8 U mg–1), and when pulses of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde were added during fructose-dependent growth, the rate at which fructose was utilized decreased until 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was consumed. Although 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde inhibited the capacity of cells to metabolize fructose, lactate or gluconate were consumed simultaneously with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and lactate or aromatic compounds lacking an aldehyde group were utilized concomitantly with fructose. These results demonstrate that (1) aromatic aldehydes can be utilized as cosubstrates and have negative effects on the homoacetogenic utilization of fructose by C. formicoaceticum, and (2) the consumption of certain substrates by this acetogen is not subject to catabolite repression by fructose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 525-533 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 61.16.Ch; 62.20.-x; 68.35.Bs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  The frictional properties of freshly cleaved (010) surfaces of the ferroelectric TriGlycine Sulfate (TGS) were investigated by combined scanning and friction force microscopy under ambient conditions. A frictional contrast could be observed between domains with different electrical polarity, as well as between terraces inside individual domains which are separated by steps of half of the unit-cell height or an odd multiple of this value. The latter contrast mechanism originates from the arrangement of the molecules at the surface which is chemically homogeneous, but structurally rotated by 180° between different terraces. The resulting asymmetric surface potential gives rise to a frictional anisotropy in different directions that can be detected by the force microscope, as well as to a change of the frictional force between forward and backward scan direction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 67 (1987), S. 433-435 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motion perception ; Smooth pursuit ; Nystagmus ; Optokinetic afternystagmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Slow eye movements were observed while the monkey fixated on a subject-stationary, small target light in front of a moving optokinetic drum in an attempt to suppress optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). These slow eye movements of low amplitude were directed opposite to the moving optokinetic stimulus and, hence, were not identical to slow phases of incompletely suppressed OKN. It is assumed, based on comparable findings in humans, that these slow eye movements are induced by a perceived target motion, i.e. by the perception of an apparent motion of the subject-stationary fixation light opposite to the actual motion of the optokinetic drum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 114 (1997), S. 170-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Visually guided reaching ; PET ; MRI ; Posterior parietal cortex ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to identify the brain areas involved in visually guided reaching by measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in six normal volunteers while they were fixating centrally and reaching with the left or right arm to targets presented in either the right or the left visual field. The PET images were registered with magnetic resonance images from each subject so that increases in rCBF could be localized with anatomical precision in individual subjects. Increased neural activity was examined in relation to the hand used to reach, irrespective of field of reach (hand effect), and the effects of target field of reach, irrespective of hand used (field effect). A separate analysis on intersubject, averaged PET data was also performed. A comparison of the results of the two analyses showed close correspondence in the areas of activation that were identified. We did not find a strict segregation of regions associated exclusively with either hand or field. Overall, significant rCBF increases in the hand and field conditions occurred bilaterally in the supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, cuneus, lingual gyrus, superior temporal cortex, insular cortex, thalamus, and putamen. Primary motor cortex, postcentral gyrus, and the superior parietal lobule (intraparietal sulcus) showed predominantly a contralateral hand effect, whereas the inferior parietal lobule showed this effect for the left hand only. Greater contralateral responses for the right hand were observed in the secondary motor areas. Only the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices exhibited strong ipsilateral hand effects. Field of reach was more commonly associated with bilateral patterns of activation in the areas with contralateral or ipsilateral hand effects. These results suggest that the visual and motor components of reaching may have a different functional organization and that many brain regions represent both limb of reach and field of reach. However, since posterior parietal cortex is connected with all of these regions, we suggest that it plays a crucial role in the integration of limb and field coordinates.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 65 (1986), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Velocity storage ; Visual-vestibular interaction ; Smooth pursuit ; Nystagmus ; Suppression ; Models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An eye velocity storage mechanism has been postulated in the vestibulo-optokinetic system to account for the prolongation of vestibular nystagmus (VN) and the occurrence of optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN). Presentation of a subject-stationary full-field surround during VN and OKAN (= full-field fixation) rapidly reduces activity related to eye velocity of the storage mechanism. If the subject-stationary full-field surround is presented for short periods during VN or OKAN, nystagmus resumes when the animal is again in darkness, but at a lesser velocity than would be predicted from a control response. This reduction in peak eye velocity after fixation reflects a decrease in activity of the storage mechanism due to full-field fixation. This decrease in activity occurs with a shorter time constant compared to that in control trials, it has been called “dumping”. We demonstrate that a subject-stationary small target light presented during VN or OKAN (= target fixation) also reduces activity of the storage mechanism with a time constant slightly greater than that for full-field fixation, but still considerably smaller than that in control trials. In 3 monkeys the time constant of discharge was reduced during the post-rotatory period from 20 s in control trials to 4.6 s by fixation of a single target light and to 2.9 s by fixation of a full-field. The time constant of discharge was reduced during OKAN from 13.2 s in control trials to 3.8 s by target fixation and to 2.6 s by full-field fixation. We report a second experimental paradigm with which the dynamics of visual-vestibular interaction involving the eye velocity storage mechanism is analysed by means of transient step responses. In this paradigm eye velocity due to activation of the storage mechanism (OKAN) is forced to reverse by a short exposure to a full-field moving in the opposite direction of the slow phases of nystagmus. Short periods of eye velocity reversal did not reduce activity of the storage mechanism more rapidly than fixation, i.e. suppression of eye velocity alone. Fixation of a full-field or of a single target light during vestibular or optokinetic stimulation reduces peak nystagmus velocity after stimulation when monkeys are in darkness. Suppression of OKN by target fixation during full-field stimulation reduces the initial eye velocity of OKAN to 15–20% compared to the OKAN velocity when OKN is allowed to occur. Fixation during vestibular or optokinetic stimulation obviously inhibits full activation of the eye velocity storage mechanism. The results are discussed in relation to current models of visual-vestibular interaction.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 54 (1998), S. 667-668 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Drug Information Centre ; Primary healthcare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Breastfeeding ; Supplementary feeding ; Neonatal ; Bottles ; Pacifier use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To promote breastfeeding, UNICEF/WHO have launched the “baby-friendly hospital initiative” focusing on hospital care routines during delivery and the first days of life. In industrialised countries, two aspects of the initiative have raised controversy: how do restriction of supplemental feedings and ban of bottles and pacifiers affect long-term breastfeeding performance? From ten centres 602 healthy newborns were randomly assigned either to a UNICEF group with restrictive fluid supplements and avoidance of bottles and pacifiers during the first 5 days of life, or to a standard group with conventional feeding practice. Breastfeeding was encouraged in both groups. The main study endpoints were the prevalences of breast-feeding on day 5, and after 2, 4 and 6 months. Of the newborns 46% violated the UNICEF protocol, mostly because of maternal requests to give a pacifier or supplements by bottle. In the standard group, the drop-out rate was 9.7%. No significant differences in breastfeeding frequency and duration could be found: (UNICEF vs standard) day 5: 100% vs 99%; 2 months: 88% vs 88%; 4 months: 75% vs 71%; 6 months: 57% vs 55%. Inclusion of drop-outs due to pacifier use did not alter the results. Conclusion In our study population fluid supplements offered by bottle with or without the use of pacifiers during the first 5 days of life were not associated with a lower frequency or shorter duration of breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life.
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