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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Focal cerebral ischemia ; Middle cerebral artery ; Rat ; Reperfusion ; 2,3,5-Triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The extent of histochemical change following middle cerebral artery occlusion was quantitatively determined in three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (a marker of mitochondrial oxidative enzyme function). In group I (n=7) occlusion was maintained for 3 h, with immediate sacrifice. In group II (n=7) occlusion was maintained for 5 h, with immediate sacrifice. In group III (n=7) occlusion was maintained for 3 h, followed by a 2-h period of reperfusion prior to sacrifice. The area of injury was significantly larger (P〈0.05) in the 5-h occlusion group [15±4% (mean±SD)] compared to the 3-h occlusion group (9±2%); indicating a time-dependent worsening of the histochemical detection of injury. However, the area of injury was significantly less in the reperfusion group (5±2%) compared to the group that was evaluated after 3 h of occlusion without reperfusion (9±2%); indicating that some component of the injury revealed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride is potentially reversible. These data suggest that contrary to previous understanding, the histochemical abnormality revealed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride is reversible in some circumstances and does not necessarily represent inevitable infarction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
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    Cambridge, Mass., etc., : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. 24:2 (1983:Summer) 105 
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  • 3
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cambridge, Mass., etc., : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. 25:2 (1984) 107 
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The methodology for continuous monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) being presently employed in the Neurosurgery Service of the University of Pennsylvania is presented. The methods are intraventricular recording of ICP (IVP) and subarachnoid recording of ICP (SaP). The indications for employing either method are briefly presented. IVP is favored in those situations in which the lateral ventricles are enlarged and SaP is preferred in the cases of brain swelling or other situations in which there is a small ventricular system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Brain oedema ; intracranial pressure ; barbiturates ; diuretics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Increased intracranial pressure due to brain oedema was produced in albino rabbits by combining a cryogenic lesion in the left hemisphere with the intraperitoneal administration of 6-aminonicotinamide (cytotoxic agent). The following parameters were assessed: intracranial pressure (ICP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), central venous pressure (CVP), EEG, brain water and electrolyte content, gross pathology, and blood brain barrier integrity. Acute therapy to reduce ICP was performed by administering a bolus of mannitol (1 gm/kg) and 30 minutes later, also in bolus, frusemide (5 mg/kg). Immediately following the administration of mannitol an infusion of pentobarbitone was commenced; this was continued for one hour so that a total of 10 mg/kg was administered. There was a 50% reduction of ICP at one hour from initiation of treatment. The brains of the animals were extracted immediately upon cessation of therapy (pentobarbitone) and they revealed a significant reduction of water content for the right, uninjured, hemisphere only, when compared to controls; a slight but not significant reduction of the brain sodium and potassium was noted in both hemispheres. There was no change noted in the gross pathology and extent of blood brain barrier breakdown. In all animals epinephrine infusion had to be administered for between 20 and 30 minutes to maintain a SAP over 80 torr. There seems to be no advantage in the simultaneous administration of barbiturates and diuretics for the control of ICP due to brain oedema.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Beim Affen ist der Druck im Sinus sagittalis in komplexer Weise abhängig vom zerebralen Blutdurchfluß und intrakraniellen Druck; der Jugularvenendruck gibt ein qualitatives Maß für die zerebrale Durchblutung. Bei einer intrakraniellen Drucksteigerung antwortet der Druck im vorderen Sinus sagittalis auf Änderungen der Durchströmung mit erheblichen Veränderungen, doch gibt es nur wenig Beziehungen zwischen diesen erheblichen Druckschwankungen zu den Druckverhältnissen im Sinus transversus und in der Vena jugularis. Auf Grund dieser Beobachtungen vermuteten wir eine Kompession des Sinus sagittalis als Folge der intrakraniellen Drucksteigerung. Es läßt sich beweisen, daß diese Kompression im Bereich der Hinteraurallinie ihr Maximum hat. Es scheint außerdem bei intrakranieller Drucksteigerung zu einer Verminderung des Durchmessers der zerebralen Gefäße proximal des Sinus zu kommen. Aus der Wechselwirkung zwischen diesen beiden Faktoren resultiert der Druck im Sinus sagittalis. Im Endstadium der zerebralen Dekompension, wenn der intrakranielle und der arterielle Druck gleich sind, nähert sich der Druck im Sinus sagittalis dem diastolischen Blutdruck. Das entspricht einem fast vollständigen Kollaps des Sinus.
    Abstract: Résumé Chez le singe, la pression du sinus sagittal est une fonction complexe du flux sanguin cérébral et de la pression intracrânienne; la pression de la veine jugulaire est la mesure qualitative du flux sanguin cérébral. En présence d'hypertension intracrânienne, la réponse de la pression du sinus sagittal antérieure, aux variations du débit sanguin est grandement exagérée, mais il y a une répercussion minimale de ces grandes fluctuations de pression, au sinus transverse et à la veine jugulaire. Sur la base de ces observations, nous avons postulé la compression du sinus sagittal en réponse à la pression intracrânienne accrue, et l'évidence fait localiser la compression maximum à la region de la ligne «interaurale». La réduction en calibre, des vaisseaux cérébraux proximaux des sinus, apparaît aussi se produire avec l'hypertension intracrânienne et, dans la phase ultime, l'intéraction dynamique de ces deux facteurs est responsable de la pression du sinus sagittal. Dans le stade final de décompensation cérébrale, quand les tensions intracrânienne et artérielle sont égales, la pression du sinus sagittal antérieur se rapproche aussi de la pression diastolique, indiquant un collapsus presque total du sinus.
    Notes: Summary In the monkey, sagittal sinus pressure is a complex function of cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure; jugular vein pressure is a qualitative measure of cerebral blood flow. In the presence of intracranial hypertension, the response of anterior sagittal sinus pressure to blood flow changes is greatly exaggerated, but there is minimal communication of these large fluctuations in pressure to the transverse sinus and jugular vein. On the basis of these observations, we postulated compression of the sagittal sinus in response to increased intracranial pressure, and evidence is presented to localize maximum compression to the region of the interaural line. Reduction in diameter of cerebral vessels proximal to the sinus also appears to occur with intracranial hypertension, and ultimately, the dynamic interaction of these two factors is responsible for sagittal sinus pressure. In the end stage of cerebral decompensation, when intracranial and arterial tensions are equal, anterior sagittal sinus pressure also approaches the diastolic pressure, indicating nearly total collapse of the sinus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die intrakraniellen Gefäße von Affen wurden untersucht, bei denen eine Hirnschwellung und eine intrakranielle Drucksteigerung durch allmählich zunehmendes Aufblasen eines extraduralen Ballons hervorgerufen worden war. Die Schädel wurden im Augenblick der Tötung in flüssigem Stickstoff gefroren und in der Folge in Serie geschnitten. Der auffallendste Befund seitens des vaskulären Systems war ein Kollaps des Sinus sagittalis und eine erhebliche Konstriktion des Sinus rectus bei den Versuchstieren, bei denen es zu einer vollständigen zerebralen Dekompensation gekommen war. In einem Fall war die A. pericallosa kollabiert, wahrscheinlich bedingt durch die Ausdehnung des Gehirns mit Verlegung der Balkencisterne. Die Lumina vieler kleiner Arterien und Venen in den Furchen und an der Oberfläche des Kortex waren ebenfalls verlegt, während andere kleine Gefäße nicht beeinträchtigt waren. Die Bedeutung des Kollapses der zerebralen Gefäße im Zusammenhang mit der Ischämie, die durch Hirnschwellung und intrakranielle Drucksteigerung entsteht, wird diskutiert.
    Abstract: Resumé Nous avons examiné des vaisseaux intra-crâniens de singes chez lesquels l'oedème cérébral et l'hypertension intrac ânienne étaient chez lesquels l'oedème cérébral et l'hypertension intrac ânienne étaient profus par l'expansion progressive d'un ballon extra-dural. Les crânes furent congelés dans de l'azote liquide au moment de la mort et, par la suite, mis en coupes suivant des plans stéréotaxiques. Les altérations vasculaires les plus remarquables furent le collapsus du sinus sagittal, et une grave sténose du sinus droit dans ces préparations avec décompensation cérébrale complète. Dans l'une de ces préparations, l'artère péricalleuse était collabée, probablement à cause de l'expansion de l'oedème cérébral et de l'oblitération de la citerne supracalleuse. La lumière de beaucoup d'artérioles et veinules «in sulci» et sur la surface corticale étaient aussi oblitérés, alors que d'autres petits vaisseaux étaient inaltérés. La contribution du collapsus vasculaire cérébral à l'ischémie produite par l'oedème cérébral et l'hypertension intracrânienne est discutée.
    Notes: Summary Intracranial vessels have been examined in monkeys in which brain swelling and intracranial hypertension were produced by gradual expansion of an extradural balloon. The heads were frozen in liquid nitrogen at the time of sacrifice and subsequently sectioned in stereotaxic coronal planes. The most conspicuous vascular alterations were collapse of the sagittal sinus and severe constriction of the straight sinus in those preparations with complete cerebral decompensation. In one preparation, the pericallosal artery was collapsed, probably due to expansion of the brain and obliteration of the supracallosal cistern. The lumens of many small arteries and veins in sulci and on the cortical surface were also obliterated whereas other small vessels were unaffected. The contribution of cerebrovascular collapse to the ischemia produced by brain swelling and intracranial hypertension is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 56 (1981), S. 167-181 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Brain oedema ; intracranial pressure ; diuretics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Increased intracranial pressure due to brain oedema was produced in albino rabbits by combining a cryogenic lesion in the left hemisphere with the intraperitoneal administration of 6-aminonicotinamide (cytotoxic agent). The most effective reduction in ICP (74%) was achieved when furosemide and mannitol were used in combination. When either mannitol or furosemide was employed alone, the average ICP reduction was approximately 53%. Peak ICP reduction occurred at 45 minutes with furosemide, 30 minutes with mannitol and furosemide combined, and at 60 minutes with a combination of mannitol and acetazolamide. Also studied simultaneously in these animals were intracranial elastance (Em), brain water content, hemispheric water volume content, electrolytes, EEG, and gross pathology. Following therapy there was a statistically significant reduction of water content in the left hemisphere (cryogenic lesion) by all therapeutic modalities except with furosemide alone. In the right hemisphere the water content was reduced by furosemide and the furosemide-mannitol combination but not by the association of mannitol with acetazolamide. A significant decrease of brain sodium was noted only for the combination of mannitol and furosemide. This study indicates that effective reduction of cytotoxic-cryogenic brain oedema and intracranial hypertension can be obtained with a variety of diuretic agents. From the standpoint of tissue dehydration, restoration of tissue electrolyte balance, and rate of ICP reduction, the combination of furosemide-mannitol appears to offer advantages over furosemide alone, or acetazolamide-mannitol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 147 (1941), S. 362-363 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DURING the course of rachitogenic experiments with white rats it was noticed that if the rats were kept for prolonged periods on Steenbock's No. 2965 diet, a progressive paralysis of the hind limbs developed. The diet consisted of the following: Whole yellow maize (finely ground) 76 per cent ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 135 (1935), S. 510-510 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN the course of an investigation into the sexual cycle of Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad (Shapiro and Zwarenstein1, Shapiro and Shapiro2), certain outstanding differences in the sexual behaviour of this amphibian were observed under laboratory ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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