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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of assimilated carbon in the system Phragmites australis-waterlogged peat soil after carbon-14 pulse labelling (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phragmites australis ; Anaerobic fen¶soil ; Carbon turnover ; Rhizodeposition ; Root respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Short-term (3–6 days) and long-term (27 days) laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the distribution of assimilated C in the system Phragmites australis (common reed)-waterlogged fen soil after 14C pulse labelling. The investigated system of fen plants and anaerobic organic soil showed different patterns of assimilated 14C distribution when compared to systems with cultivated plants and aerobic mineral soil. Between 90% and 95% of the 14C in the system was found in the reed plants. A maximum of 2% of the assimilated plant 14C was released from the fen soil as CO2 and about 5–9% remained in the soil. The 14C remaining in the waterlogged fen soil of the reed plant had the same amount as that of a cultivated plant in mineral soil, despite lower 14C-release (i.e. rhizodeposition and root respiration) from reed roots. Assuming that root respiration of fen plants is low, this indicates that microbial C turnover in waterlogged fen soil is much slower than in mineral soil. The estimated quantity of the assimilated C remaining in the soil was of an ecologically relevant order of magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000204
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms of N2O and NO production in the soil profile of a drained and forested peatland, as studied with acetylene, nitrapyrin and dimethyl ether (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 205-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrous oxide ; Nitric oxide ; Organic soil ; Nitrification ; Inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Acetylene, dimethyl ether (DME) and 2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl pyridine (nitrapyrin) were used as inhibitors to study the contributions of nitrification and denitrification to the production of N2O and nitric oxide (NO) in samples taken from the soil profile of a peatland drained for forestry. Acetylene and DME inhibited 60–100% of the nitrification activity in field-moist samples from the 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm peat layers, whereas nitrapyrin had no inhibitory effect. In the 0–5 cm peat layer the N2O production could be reduced by up to 90% with inhibitors of nitrification, but in the 5–10 cm peat layer this proportion was 20–30%. All the inhibitors removed 96–100% of the nitrification potential in peat-water slurries from the 0–5 cm peat layer, but the 5–10 cm layer had a much lower nitrification activity, and here the efficiency of the inhibitors was more variable. Litter was the main net source of NO in the peat profile. NO3 – production was lower in the litter layer than in the peat, whereas N2O production was much higher in the litter than in the peat. Denitrification was the most probable source of N2O and NO in the litter, which had a high availability of organic substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050421
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methane fluxes on agricultural and forested boreal organic soils (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 19 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Annual methane fluxes from an organic soil in eastern Finland, originally drained and planted with birch (Betula pendula) and then later cultivated, were studied for two years using a chamber technique. The agricultural soils growing grass or barley or without vegetation, generally acted as sinks for CH4. Surprisingly, the agricultural soils emitted CH4 during a warm dry summer. The CH4 oxidation capacity and CH4 uptake rate of the forested site was three times that of agricultural soils. Also, the forest soil better retained its capacity to take up CH4 during a dry summer. Despite periods of CH4 emission, the agricultural soils were annual sinks for CH4, with uptake rate of CH4-C varying from 0.1 to 3.7 kg ha−1 yr−1. The forested soil had a methane uptake rate of 3.9 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1. All the soils acted as sinks for CH4 during winter, which contributed up to half of the annual CH4 uptake. The capacity of soils to transport gases did not explain the larger CH4 uptake rate in the forest soil. At the same gas filled porosity, the forest soil had a much larger CH4 uptake rate than the agricultural soil. Neither the soil acidity (pH 4.5 and 6.0) nor high ammonium content appeared to limit CH4 uptake. The results suggest that CH4 oxidation in agricultural organic soil is more sensitive to soil drying than CH4 oxidation in forested organic soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2003.tb00282.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Greenhouse gas emissions from farmed organic soils: a review (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The large boreal peatland ecosystems sequester carbon and nitrogen from the atmosphere due to a low oxygen pressure in waterlogged peat. Consequently they are sinks for CO2 and strong emitters of CH4. Drainage and cultivation of peatlands allows oxygen to enter the soil, which initiates decomposition of the stored organic material, and in turn CO2 and N2O emissions increase while CH4 emissions decrease. Compared to undrained peat, draining of organic soils for agricultural purposes increases the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) by roughly 1t CO2 equivalents/ha per year. Although farmed organic soils in most European countries represent a minor part of the total agricultural area, these soils contribute significantly to national greenhouse gas budgets. Consequently, farmed organic soils are potential targets for policy makers in search of socially acceptable and economically cost-efficient measures to mitigate climate gas emissions from agriculture. Despite a scarcity of knowledge about greenhouse gas emissions from these soils, this paper addresses the emissions and possible control of the three greenhouse gases by different managements of organic soils. More precise information is needed regarding the present trace gas fluxes from these soils, as well as predictions of future emissions under alternative management regimes, before any definite policies can be devised.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00595.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecosystem CO2 exchange and plant biomass in the littoral zone of a boreal eutrophic lake (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 48 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1In order to study the dynamics of primary production and decomposition in the lake littoral, an interface zone between the pelagial, the catchment and the atmosphere, we measured ecosystem/atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange in the littoral zone of an eutrophic boreal lake in Finland during two open water periods (1998–1999). We reconstructed the seasonal net CO2 exchange and identified the key factors controlling CO2 dynamics. The seasonal net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was related to the amount of carbon accumulated in plant biomass.2In the continuously inundated zones, spatial and temporal variation in the density of aerial shoots controlled CO2 fluxes, but seasonal net exchange was in most cases close to zero. The lower flooded zone had a net CO2 uptake of 1.8–6.2 mol m−2 per open water period, but the upper flooded zone with the highest photosynthetic capacity and above-ground plant biomass, had a net CO2 loss of 1.1–7.1 mol m−2 per open water period as a result of the high respiration rate. The excess of respiration can be explained by decomposition of organic matter produced on site in previous years or leached from the catchment.3Our results from the two study years suggest that changes in phenology and water level were the prime cause of the large interannual difference in NEE in the littoral zone. Thus, the littoral is a dynamic buffer and source for the load of allochthonous and autochthonous carbon to small lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01079.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring N2O emissions from organic soils by closed chamber or soil/snow N2O gradient methods (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Drained organic soils contribute substantial amounts of nitrous oxide to the global atmosphere, and we should be able to estimate this contribution. We have investigated when the fluxes of N2O from drained forested or cultivated organic soils could be determined by calculating the fluxes from the concentration gradients of the gas in soil or snow according to Fick's law of diffusion. A static chamber method was applied as a control technique for the gas gradient method. Concentrations of N2O in soil varied from 296 nl l−1 to 8534 nl l−1 during the snow-free periods and were greatest in the early summer. Our results suggest that the gas gradient method can be used to estimate N2O emissions from drained organic soils. There was some systematic difference in the N2O fluxes measured with these two methods, which we attributed to the differences in weather between years 1996 and 1997. In the wet summer of 1996 the chamber method gave greater flux rates than the gas gradient method, and the reverse was true in the dry summer of 1997. In the forest the N2O fluxes measured with the two methods agreed well. The gas gradient is convenient and fast for measuring N2O emissions from fairly dry organic unfrozen soil. In winter the diffusion calculation based on the N2O gradients in snow and the chamber method gave fairly similar flux rates and provided adequate estimates of the fluxes of N2O in winter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00531.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature and N fertilization effects on methane oxidation in a drained peatland soil
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26 (1994), S. 1331-1339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0038-0717
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)90214-3
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of increased CO2 and N on CH4 efflux from a boreal mire: a growth chamber experiment (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 119 (1999), S. 349-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Atmospheric change ; CO2 and NH4NO3 fertilisation ; CH4 ; Shoot density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Increases in the supply of atmospheric CO2 and N are expected to alter the carbon cycle, including CH4 emissions, in boreal peatlands. These effects were studied in a glasshouse experiment with peat monoliths cored from an oligotrophic pine fen. The cores with living plants were kept in 720 ppmv and 360 ppmv CO2 atmospheres for about 6 months under imitated natural temperature cycle. Fertilisation with NH4NO3 (3 g m−2 for 25 weeks) was applied to 18 of the 36 monoliths. The rate of CH4 flux was non-linearly dependent on the number of Eriophorum vaginatum shoots growing in the monoliths, probably due to the gas transport properties of the aerenchyma. The average CH4 efflux rate, standardised by the number of shoots, was increased by a maximum of 10–20% in response to the raised CO2 level. In the raised-NH4NO3 treatment, the increase in CH4 release was lower. The effect of combined CO2+NH4NO3 on CH4 release was negligible and even lower than in the single treatments. Both potential CH4 production and oxidation rates at 5, 15 and 25°C were higher near the surface than at the bottom of the core. As expected, the rates clearly depended on the incubation temperature, but the different treatments did not cause any consistent differences in either CH4 production or oxidation. The determination of potential CH4 production and oxidation in the laboratory is evidently too crude a method of differentiating substrate-induced differences in CH4 production and oxidation in vivo. These results indicate that an increase in atmospheric CO2 or N supply alone, at least in the short term, slightly enhances CH4 effluxes from boreal peatlands; but together their effect may even be restrictive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050795
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO2 exchange in the Empetrum nigrum-Sphagnum fuscum community (1979)
    Springer
    Oecologia 37 (1979), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The CO2 exchange of the Empetrum nigrum-Sphagnum fuscum community of a raised bog was studied in the laboratory at different temperature (from 5 to 30° C) and irradiance (up to 128 W m-2) combinations during one growing season. The total CO2 exchange was divided into three components, namely those due to Empetrum nigrum, Sphagnum fuscum, and peat, respectively. At the optimum temperature (10 to 15° C) the maximum net CO2 exchange of Empetrum nigrum was c. 200 and that of Sphagnum fuscum c. 250 mg CO2 m-2h-1. The total respiration in peat increased exponentially from 50 to 350 mg CO2 m-2h-1 with increasing temperature from 5 to 30° C. About 40% of the CO2 fixed by the community in optimal temperature and irradiation conditions was released immediately.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347905
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon accumulation in a raised bog (1979)
    Springer
    Oecologia 37 (1979), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Laboratory measurements on the CO2 exchange and data on actual field temperatures and irradiation were used to compute (by simulation) an annual carbon budget for the Empetrum nigrum/Sphagnum fuscum community. A net fixation of 160 g CO2 m-2 was predicted for the growing season. This was already the figure at the beginning of July, after which no significant change occured. For one day in June (when CO2 exchange was most intense), estimates of c. 10 and 7 g CO2 m-2 for total photosynthesis and total respiration were derived, respectively. The annual net result is in accordance with earlier estimates of production and carbon accumulation in similar ecosystems, thereby partly validating the model. Radical changes in the annual peat production are to be expected, if the mean temperature changes even one or two Celsius degrees; an increase of 2° C resulted in an equilibrium in the carbon flow between bog and atmosphere (i.e. no net change in the carbon content of the bog).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347906
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