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  • 1
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Frequency-dependent transfer from EOG to EEG may be insufficiently accounted for by simple time domain regression methods (Gasser, Sroka, & Möcks, 1986; Woestenburg, Verbaten, & Slangen, 1983). In contrast, a multiple-lag time domain regression analysis, using lagged regression of EEG on EOG, must theoretically account for both frequency dependence and independence.Two data sets were constructed, in which the transfer from EOG to EEG was either frequency-independent (constant gain) or frequency-dependent. Subsequently, three different correction methods were applied: 1) a simple regression analysis in the time domain; 2) a multiple-lag regression analysis in the time domain; and 3) a regression analysis in the frequency domain.The major results were that, for data set 1, the three methods constructed the original EEG equally well. With data set 2, reconstruction of the original EEG was achieved reasonably well with the frequency domain method and the time domain multiple-lag method, but not with simple time domain regression. These three correction procedures were also applied to real data, consisting of concomitantly recorded EEG and high-variance EOG series. No appreciable differences in outcome of the three methods were observed, and estimated transfer parameters suggested that these data were marked by weak frequency dependence only, which can be accounted for by simple time domain regression (and also by the other two methods).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 466-470 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Benzodiazepine ; Midazolam ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats (N=12) were trained to discriminate midazolam (1 mg/kg, IP) from vehicle in a food reinforced operant conditioning procedure. Midazolam, flunitrazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital showed dose-dependent substitution for midazolam. Buspirone and Ro 15-1788 did not substitute for midazolam. The midazolam cue was dose-dependently antagonized by Ro 15-1788. In rats (N=12) trained to discriminate chlordiazepoxide (3 mg/kg, IP) from vehicle midazolam, flunitrazepam, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide substituted completely and dose dependently for chlordiazepoxide. The relative potency of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam was three times less in the midazolam-trained animals than in the chlordiazepoxide-trained animals. Response rate and latency data further support the main finding that the midazolam cue is similar, but not identical to the cue of classical benzodiazepines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 362-365 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acoustic startle reflex ; Fear-conditioning ; Midazolam ; DMCM ; Lindane ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Forty-eight male Wistar rats were exposed to contingent light-shock combinations and 48 rats received light and shock stimuli in a random order. One day after fear conditioning the animals were tested for startle potentation after injection of midazolam (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg, IP) or DMCM (methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate; 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg IP) or lindane (0, 7.5, 15.0, 30.0 mg/kg PO). Midazolam attenuated potentiated startle dose dependently and the inverse benzodiazepine agonist DMCM had the opposite effect. The effects of lindane on startle amplitudes were identical to those of DMCM, indicating that lindane has anxiogenic effects on behavior. It is suggested that the anxiogenic effects of lindane are mediated by an effect at the GABA-ionophore complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Drug generalization ; Training dose ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Ethanol ; Pentobarbital ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six groups of rats (N=8), trained to discriminate chlordiazepoxide (5 or 20 mg/kg), pentobarbital (5 or 15 mg/kg) or ethanol (750 or 1500 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever food-reinforced procedure, were tested for stimulus generalization with the three drugs. Training drug, but not training dose, affected the extent of generalization to a test drug; symmetrical generalization between chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital and asymmetrical generalization between chlordiazepoxide and ethanol and between pentobarbital and ethanol was observed. Training dose level affected (1) slope and ED50 of the generalization gradients of training drugs and substitution drugs, (2) discriminative performance, (3) response bias and (4) threshold dose for response suppression. Indices of lever selection and percentage drug-appropriate lever responses yielded similar generalization maxima, slopes and ED50s. The potency of chlordiazepoxide relative to the potency of pentobarbital to induce drug stimulus generalization varied across the experimental groups. The results indicate differences between the discriminative effects of chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital and ethanol. It is suggested that the discriminative effects of chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital and ethanol are not based on their response rate modulating effects and that training dose is not a determinant for the extent of cross-generalization between these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 72 (1981), S. 251-256 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: dl-Amphetamine ; Amylobarbitone ; Drug mixture ; PLG ; Fenfluramine ; Habituation ; Exploratory response ; General activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A test situation was developed in which the effects of drugs on habituation of exploratory behavior (head-poke responses) could be assessed independently of their effects on general activity (locomotion and rearing). Habituation, spontaneous recovery from habituation and stimulus specificity of habituation were studied. An amphetamine-barbiturate mixture attenuated habituation of the head-poke response without influencing general activity. Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (PLG), an oxytocin fragment, increased locomotor activity and did not alter the course of habituation of the head-poke response. Since exploratory behavior and general activity can be pharmacologically dissociated in the test situation used, it is concluded that the test situation is suitable for studying the effects of drugs on habituation of exploratory behavior. The amphetamine-barbiturate mixture did not influence the stimulus specificity of habituation of the head-poke response. Fenfluramine however increased the effects of stimulus change on the head-poke response while not influencing habituation of this response. These results show that habituation and stimulus specificity of habituation of exploratory behavior can be pharmacologically dissociated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 483-485 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Stimulus control ; Benzodiazepine antagonist ; Ro 15-1788 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The imidazodiazepine Ro 15-1788 is a proposed benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Recently however, behavioural effects of Ro 15-1788 have been demonstrated. In the present study, rats (n=12) were trained to discriminate Ro 15-1788 (10 mg/kg, IP, t=15 min) from vehicle in a two-lever food-reinforced procedure. All rats showed a reliable discrimination (mean injection-appropriate lever responding 〉85%) after about 60 daily training sessions. Drug stimulus control was evidenced by an orderly generalization gradient obtained with 0.01–30 mg/kg Ro 15-1788 (ED50 for stimulus generalization: 0.12 mg/kg). Since even low doses of Ro 15-1788 have discriminative effects in the rat, it is concluded that Ro 15-1788 may have potent behavioural activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Benzodiazepine antagonism ; Ro 15-1788 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In experiment 1, rats (n=12) were trained to discriminate the benzodiazepine (BDZ) compound chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 20 mg/kg, IP) from saline in a two-lever food-reinforced procedure, and subsequently were tested for stimulus control with different doses of CDP, Ro 15-1788 (a proposed BDZ receptor antagonist) and Ro 15-1788 plus 20 mg/kg CDP. Ro 15-1788 (0.63–40 mg/kg) dose-dependently antagonized CDP, and induced predominantly saline appropriate responding when administered alone. Thereafter, the same rats were retrained by progressively decreasing the training dose, to discriminate 2.5 mg/kg CDP from saline, and were tested again with the same compounds. Ro 15-1788 (0.16–40 mg/kg) now failed to antagonize CDP (2.5 mg/kg) and increased the percentage of drug-appropriate responding in a dose-related manner when administered alone. In experiment 2, separate groups of rats (n=10) were similarly trained to discriminate either 15 or 3 mg/kg CDP from saline. Tests with CDP, Ro 15-1788 and Ro 15-1788 plus CDP (either 15 or 3 mg/kg) yielded similar results to experiment 1, suggesting that the training dose effects on generalization and antagonism of Ro 15-1788 were not affected by the manner in which the lower CDP dose acquired drug stimulus control. It is concluded that mixed agonist-antagonist properties are apparent after-variations of the BDZ training dose in a drug discrimination procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 111 (1993), S. 55-61 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Partial generalization ; 5-HT1a receptor ; Dopamine-2 receptor ; Buspirone ; 8-OH-DPAT ; Haloperidol ; Apomorphine ; R 79598 ; Sulpiride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate a dopaminergic component in the discriminative stimulus properties of buspirone, rats were trained to discriminate 2.5 mg/kg buspirone from saline, using a two lever, food-rewarded, fixed ratio 10 operant procedure. To test the dopamine-2(D2) antagonist action of buspirone, a second group of rats was trained to discriminate 0.16 mg/kg apomorphine from saline. In addition to a complete generalization to 8-OH-DPAT, the D2 antagonists haloperidol, R 79598 and sulpiride showed a partial generalization to buspirone. The benzodiazepine ligands chlordiazepoxide and bretazenil did not generalize to the buspirone cue. Buspirone (2.0 mg/kg) completely blocked the apomorphine cue in the apomorphine trained rats. Haloperidol, R 79895 and sulpiride also blocked the apomorphine cue, although at doses much smaller than the doses needed to evoke buspirone responding in the buspirone trained group. 8-OH-DPAT did not antagonize apomorphine. It was concluded that the D2 action of buspirone partially contributes to its discriminative stimulus properties. Mediation of the buspirone cue by 5-HT1a receptor activation seemed predominant. Further, buspirone can act as a full D2 antagonist in drug discrimination. A model was proposed suggesting a compound discriminative stimulus complex of buspirone with a dominant 5-HT1a component that overshadows a less pronounced D2 component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 76 (1982), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Drug generalization ; Fentanyl ; Morphine ; Amphetamine ; Nicotine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Different groups of rats were trained to discriminate fentanyl (F) (0.03, 0.02, or 0.01 mg/kg) from saline or to discriminate 0.03 mg/kg fentanyl (F) from alternative stimulus conditions (saline, 0.15 mg/kg nicotine, or 0.01 mg/kg F). When percentage of responses on the drug lever and percentage of time spent responding on the drug lever were used as dependent variables, it was found that training dose and alternative stimulus condition both affected the ED50 and the slope of the F generalization gradient. ED50 and slope values based on group data were not significantly different from values based on individual data. Differences between the results of the first and second 2.5-min period of the extinction test were not significant. ED50 and slope values were unaffected by the preceding training session, except in the group trained to discriminate 0.03 from 0.01 mg/kg F. A lever selection measure showed a significant effect of alternative stimulus condition on ED50 values only. Training dose and alternative stimulus condition also affected the generalization to morphine. Under none of the conditions explored in this study did generalization occur to amphetamine or nicotine. The results are discussed in terms of the relative nature of drug generalization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Reinforcement variables ; Fentanyl ; Morphine ; Sufentanil ; Naloxone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate between fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg) and saline in a two-lever procedure. Using a FR 10 schedule of food reinforcement, drug-induced differences between the number of reinforcers obtained under fentanyl and saline conditions were observed. The effect of eliminating these differences on the outcome of generalization tests was investigated by different manipulations. In one group (N=10), the FR 10 schedule used during saline sessions was changed to FR 6 during drug sessions. In a second group (N=12), saline sessions ended after the number of reinforcers obtained was equal to the number obtained during the preceding drug session. A control group (N=10) was trained using a FR 10 schedule under both conditions. Elimination of differences in reinforcement frequency 1) accelerated the acquisition of the discrimination, 2) diminished response bias, 3) flattened the slope and reduced the ED50 value of generalization gradients of fentanyl, morphine and sufentanil and 4) increased the ED50 value of naloxone in antagonizing 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl. It is concluded that the unconditioned effects of 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl on response rate in a FR 10 procedure lead to differences between saline and drug sessions which contribute to the apparent discriminative stimulus properties of fentanyl.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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